The Issue Of Cyber Bullying - 1997 Words

As children born into a digital generation we’ve become heavily reliant on forms of technology to aid us through our day-to-day lives. Children today are seeking platforms of social media as a medium of communication amongst their peers. In 2013 the Australian Communications and Media Authority â€Å"current statistics describe the use of social networking at 88% for 12-13 year old, 97% for 14-15 year olds and 99% for 16-17 year olds† (ACMA, 2013). Which is particularly high as these children are still students and are face to face with peers and friends daily so their internet use would be most prominent whilst at home. With such frequent activity and easily accessible Internet access problems are bound to arise which is how the issue of cyber bullying is born. The definition of â€Å"Cyber Bullying is the act of using the Internet, mobile phones, video games, or other technology gadgets to send, text, or post images intended to hurt or embarrass another person.† (Friendlyschools 2015). The case study topic of cyberbullying serves great relevance with a number of factors that are detrimental to the human dignity of both the perpetrator and victim. An examination of Perspective 2 â€Å"As cyberbullying is most harmful to those who already have a low self-image, the answer lies in raising the resilience of those most vulnerable. In this way, they can better respond to experiences of cyberbullying and build their sense of self-worth in the process.† (ACU 2014) will be supported withShow MoreRelatedThe Issues Of Cyber Bullying946 Words   |  4 Pages Coastal Carolina University The Issues of Cyber-bullying Alyssa Staub CSCI 101 – D1 Professor Matthews October 23, 2017 â€Æ' Cyber bullying has been a topic for scholarly inquiry, political debate, and policy reform since the commercialization of the Internet. Pre-internet bullying involved socially marginalized children and teenagers picking on their friends and other marginalized children at school. Traditional discipline included detentions, phone calls to their parentsRead MoreThe Issue Of Cyber Bullying1772 Words   |  8 Pages Cyber Bullying Social media is a way a person can stay connected to the world by a click of a button. But with the privilege to have access to such advanced technology comes responsibility and those people who abuse the right and take advantage of others via social media. In today’s society cyber bullying is discussed in the realm of the action taking place and the effect that it has on a victim and how people can step in and make a change in the fight against bullying. Cyber bullying is usingRead MoreEssay about Exploring the Issue of Cyber Bullying1238 Words   |  5 PagesCyber bullying has been a topic for scholarly inquiry, political debate, and policy reform since the commercialization of the Internet. Pre-internet bullying involved socially marginalized children and teenagers picking on their friends and other marginalized children in the school yard. Traditional discipline included detentions, phone calls to their parents, and some sort of reconciliation between the children invo lved. Today however, the climate for bullies has dramatically changed and theRead MoreThe Prevention of Cyberbullying627 Words   |  3 PagesInternet, bullying persists with new forms and faces. Bullies can hide behind anonymous user profiles online, creating an environment in which young victims have no direct resources. Effective methods of controlling the problem of cyber bullying are necessary to prevent problems such as suicide. One student in Iowa committed suicide after bullies at his school posted that the student was gay on Facebook; as a result of this and related suicides, the state of Iowa is redefining what cyber bullying is inRead MoreCyber Bullying1455 Words   |  6 PagesRunning head: Bullying Issues 1 Bullying Issues: Cyber bullying vs. Traditional Bulllying Horache Allen Compostion1 Jan 29, 2013 Bullying Issues 2 Bullying Issues: Cyber Bullying vs. Traditional Bullying Are you a victim of cyber bullying? Or were you theRead MoreCyber Bullying Must Be Improved And Consistent1267 Words   |  6 Pages Amanda Bridges Ms. Shultz / Mrs. Seymore English 5th Period 28 January 2015 Cyber Bullying Have you ever been cyber bullied? The effects of cyberbullying are greater than many people have come to realize. Cyber bullies have been around for a long time, but technology now gives them a whole new way to get to their victims easier and faster. Cyberbullying is the use of information technology to repeatedly harm or harass other people in a deliberate manner (abouthealth). Cyberbullying happensRead MoreCriminalization of Cyberbullying1026 Words   |  5 Pageseffects of cyber bullying are becoming a growing problem, the criminalization of cyber bullying is needed to prevent its harmful repercussions to the United States and serve as a deterrent. Cyber bullying has become the 21st century version of bullying; it has extended beyond the classroom and onto a virtual world that seems to have no real-life effects. The world is now able to bully someone in the comfort of his or her own home, at any given point, with the use of technology. However, Cyber bullyingRead MoreCyber Bu llying And Its Effect On Society1536 Words   |  7 PagesBullying has been an extreme issue all around the world for hundreds of years, and since modern technology has advanced, so has cyber bullying. â€Å"‘Gimme’ your lunch money† has turned into texting and posting gruesome threats and embarrassing material all over social media. Millions of kids all over the world have taken their own lives due to the harmful effects of cyber bullying. Problems that cannot be resolved independently are brought to court, and the government has become increasingly involvedRead MoreCyber Bullying And Its Effects On Its Victims1651 Words   |  7 Pagescreating, changing and shifting the individuals who live in it, especially cyber bullying. With the rise in the use of technology, digital culture and anonymity, cyber bullying has become a prominent issue that can have negative psychological effects on its victims through the power of these technological advances. This new 21st century term is derived from standard physical bullying has become a prominent and revolving issue as cellphone, texting and social media sites take away one’s privacy by causingRead MoreTeens as Victims of Cyberbullying1482 Words   |  6 Pages â€Å"Around half of teens have been the victims of cyber bullies,† Richard Webster from the â€Å"Cyber bullying is when a person or a group is trying to embarrass and harm or intimidate those who are weaker than them†. â€Å"Cyber bullying to texting: What’s on your kids ‘Cell?† What is cyber bullying? The Stop bullying Organization explains what the meaning of cyber bullying is. Cyber bullies are able to use cells phones and the internet to make it very easy bully other people. Lawmakers and Schools should

The General Manager At The Wheeling Island Casino - 879 Words

The person I interviewed was Osi Imomo the General Manager at the Wheeling Island Casino. Osi was born in Nigeria, a country made up of 36 states. There are three main environments in Nigeria, savanna, tropical rainforest, and wetlands. There are over 250 tribes but the three most common are the Hausa, Yoruba, and Igbo. The common language spoken is English but has several different dialects throughout the country. Out of the entire population 45% are under the age of fourteen. The biggest part of the economy has been oil since the 1960’s. Nigeria was ruled by the British for several years but gained its independence in 1960. Shortly after gaining its independence in 1966 a civil war broke out and has continued into the recent years. This year was the first time Nigeria had a successful election without any violence. The capital of Nigeria was Lagos but was moved to Abuja in 1986. What is interesting is that Abuja is similar to Washington D.C. in the United States. Like Washington D.C., Abuja is not a state but rather a federal district. There are some interesting things that are very different from our culture as well. In Nigeria it is rude to eat or shake hands with your left hand. The left hand is to be used for personal sanitation purposes. In fact, food is commonly eaten with no hands at all. When speaking with Osi he described his meals as a carbohydrate enriched diet, as meat was a not a commodity. If there was meat for dinner it was the size of a

Operational Analysis and Effectiveness

Question: Discuss about theOperational Analysis and Effectiveness. Answer: Introduction: The Operation Management of an organization plays an important role in the organizational success. Any organization, in order to perform commendably well, must have a high level of efficiency so that the annual revenue of the year can be remarkably enhanced. While an organization focuses too much on the process of adopting innovative strategy for increasing its sales, it often misses out the importance of design and control of operations, responsible for the conversion of the raw materials into the final goods (Slack 2015). Apart from Finance and Marketing being the two important functions of an organization, the proper and efficient management of the operational activities of an organization, is equally important. According to the industry experts, it is not only sufficient to sell the goods and service of an organization, but it is equally important to know how to manage the process of manufacture as well. The resources necessary in an organization must be well-integrated, so that in the manufacturing process, the right product can be used by the employees at the right time, making the entire process effective (Tano et al. 2013). Hawkesbury being a medium scale organization should also adopt the most effective operation management. However, for a medium scale industry, various challenging issues may also crop up, as there may be a lack of specialized tasks for the employees, or there may be a scarcity of space. As a result the decision-making process may be confusing as well. Keeping these facts into serious consideration, the following report aims to analyze and critically evaluate the operation management of Hawkesbury Cabinets Pty Ltd. As it can be understood from the prescribed case study, Hawkesbury Cabinets Pty Ltd is an organization responsible for manufacturing as well as designing the custom built kitchen cabinetry (Cummings and Worley 2014). The organization, established in Sydney, founded in the year 2008, had two founders- the one being Fung, the other being Mei Chen. The organization has been manufacturing and selling both customized as well as standard kitchen cabinets but however there is a sin gle manufacturing facility. It is also evident from the case study that though there has been an increasing growth in the sale of the custom-made kitchens, at present the organization was not seen to make a huge profit out of it. Hawkesbury Cabinets Pty Ltd had also got a contract whereby it would be required to manufacture standard kitchen cabinets in small batches. This essay intends to analyze the effectiveness of the production process as employed by Hawkesbury Cabinets Pty Ltd, the effect of the new builders kitchen on the operation management of the organization, as well as the impact of the managements decision to move to produce builders kitchen, on the daily operational activities of the organization (Hill and Hill 2012). It should be remembered that the factory layout of an organization plays an unquestionably important role in the day-to-day operation of an organization. Although the fact is less acknowledged, the organizational layout is an important component in any business organization that facilitates greater efficiency of the workers, thereby improving the effectiveness of the operational activities of the organization. From the case study, it can be understood that Hawkesbury Cabinets Pty Ltd does have a proper and well-integrated factory layout, and hence it is capable of minimizing its operational cost (Canen and Williamsen 2013). As it is suggested, Hawkesbury Cabinets Pty Ltd has a single manufacturing facility, and the organization manufactures customized as well as standard kitchen cabinets in one place only. The layout of the organization does help remarkably in the smooth flow of material of information in a systematic way. The business operations can be operation in a smooth and flex ible manner. In addition to that, the equipments and the machineries necessary for the production of both standard as well as custom-made kitchens, are readily available and can be used from one place only (Gomez et al. 2014). This helps in the smooth and easy process flow, thereby saving time as well as energy of the workers. Again, the assemblies of the organization are also kept in a well-arranged way, so that the employees can gain easy access to them as and when needed. On the one hand, it can be seen that the cutting table and the saw are kept in one place. On the other hand, other equipments needed for the production, such as routers and shapers are neatly arranged in another section of the work area. This facility layout is a very convenient one, as it helps the employees handle the materials, such as the equipments or the products, in an efficient way. This orderly and simple mode of arrangement helps in increasing the efficiency and productivity of the employees. From the case study, the reason behind the timely delivery of the products by Hawkesbury Cabinets Pty Ltd can be understood (Hasan et al. 2012). Again, the furnishing as well as the painting activities of Hawkesbury Cabinets Pty Ltd are all performed in the environmentally controlled area, located at the rear of the rear of the facility area. Hence, it is analyzed and understood that the area of production reflects the organizations sustainability efforts, and the products are designed in a manner, so that its production process does not lead to environmental degradation. However, the layout no matter how much favorable for smooth and effective operation of business activities, it should be remembered that the space utilization aspect of the layout has not been taken into account. It has been understood from the case study that the standard and the custom cabinets are manufactured in the same place, and as a result, the same space, as well as machinery and equipment are required for the prod uction of both the kinds of products. Consequently, the craftsmen have hard time, in operating the manufacturing activities. This leads to delay in the manufacturing process, because the processing time is delayed. Hence, it can be concluded that the organization is in need of good production control system, if it wants to operate its business activities in a smooth way( Sharma and Singhal 2014). The operational activities of an organization play an integral role in determining the success or the failure of the organization. Because of the stiff competition in the market, Hawkesbury Cabinets Pty Ltd has resolved to focus on its capacity of generating revenue and maximizing its earnings. From the case study, it has been understood that the standardized kitchen cabinets produced by Hawkesbury Cabinets Pty Ltd contribute to only 25% of its revenue, and further it generates 40% of the total factory revenue (Su et al. 2013). Again, as a result, the remaining amount of revenue of the factory is contributed by the custom kitchen cabinets, Hence, for the sake of enhancing its profitability, the organization decided to focus on the production of custom kitchens, as it was found to be much beneficial. The custom made kitchen cabinets generates as much as 75% of the revenue, and hence the organization focused primarily on the production of the same. As the organization started enjoying greater reputation, followed by higher sales growth, different low volume contracts were signed by the organization. As a result, the organization started supplying the standardized kitchen cabinets to the small spec builders. In accordance with the contracts, the organization started manufacturing a very specific range of kitchen cabinets ranging from single to five kitchen specifications. Beside this, Hawkesbury Cabinets Pty Ltd has started laying more rigid regulations on the time of delivery. Again, the consumers of the standardized kitchen cabinets were also much price sensitive as compared with the customized kitchen cabinet buyers (Bae et al. 2012). In the last few years, it has been observed that there has been a remarkable growth in the sale of the builders line of kitchens. As a result of greater profit-making capacity, this line of kitchens has been largely prioritized by Hawkesbury Cabinets Pty Ltd. However, it should be noted here that according to the accountant of the organization, the sale of these products are not generating as much profit as it is expected to. The main reason behind this has been accounted to the rising cost of standard builders. It was being observed that the lead time meant for the production of standardized as well as custom made kitchen has been largely increasing. The problem actually lay in the fact that the craftsmen, machinery as well as the equipment for the production of both the types of the kitchen cabinets are the same, and as a result the processing time remarkably increases. Because of the pile ups, the delivery system was terribly affected. It can be understood that the location chosen by the organization for the purpose of manufacture is not capable to fulfill the demands and the requirements of the buyers. It should be understood that if the organization aspires to sustain itself in future, it must be able to address as well as find a solution to the bottlenecks of the operation system of the factory (Heizer et al. 2013). An organization, for the smooth operation of its business activities, depends largely on a strong and effective financial structure. By the term financial structure is implied the mixture of the long-term debt as well as the equity that an organization uses in order to finance its operations. As a result, the importance of the role of a financial manager cannot be overstated, as he is solely responsible for deciding the total amount of money to be borrowed, as well as to evaluate the most effective way of managing the capital structure of the organization (Fan et al. 2012). In case Hawkesbury Cabinets Pty Ltd intends to sustain itself in future, it must be able to introduce an effective financial structure. In the case of Hawkesbury Cabinets Pty Ltd, it is evident from the case study that the organizations decision to produce builders kitchen is largely affecting the profitability and the financial structure of the organization. The move to manufacture the builders structure is badly affecting the operational activities of the organization, and hence, it is also affecting the financial structure of the organization. Since the cost of the standard builders has been increasing, the organization will be required to invest an enormous amount of money for the raw materials inventory, finished products as well as work in progress. Because of the increasing amount of production coast and labor cost, the total operational cost of the organization will also remarkably increase, that in turn will reducing the amount of net profit. With the ever-increasing demand of the standardized kitchen cabinets in the consumer market, the requirement of the raw material inventory is also increasing. In case the stock will increase, there will be a remarkable decline in the gross profit of the organization (Oakland 2014). Again, similarly in case there is a greater demand of inventory, the need for space in the warehouse will also increase. Now, no gain in stating the fact that the re nt of a warehouse is charged monthly and hence this would imply an increase in the total operational cost of the organization. Consequently, the net profit of the organization will be remarkably reduced. As a result of the sudden decrease in the amount of gross profit and net profit, the financial position of the organization as indicated in the Profit and Loss Account as well as the Balance Sheet, of the organization will also not be attractive enough to draw the attention of the stakeholders (Arnold 2014). It has been observed from the case study that the organization is suffering from a variety of operational deficiencies, and as a result the operational activities of the organization are getting largely affected. Although there has been a rising demand as the sale growth of the customized kitchen cabinets is increasing fast, yet the profitability of the organization is not remarkably increasing. Although the factory layout is suiting the present business needs of the organization, Fung Chen must ensure that the existing manufacturing capacity of the organization is not pushed beyond the limits. He must ensure that there is a possibility of future expansion. In addition to these, Fung Chen should also make sure that the organization does not make the late deliveries, as they definitely dissatisfy the consumers. Further, Fung Chen also must undertake a variety of steps so as to reduce the rising cost of production. Reference List: Arnold, G., 2014.Corporate financial management. Pearson Higher Ed. Bae, S. and Kwasinski, A., 2012. Dynamic modeling and operation strategy for a microgrid with wind and photovoltaic resources.IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid,3(4), pp.1867-1876. Canen, A.G. and Williamson, G.H., 2013. Facility layout overview: towards competitive advantage.Facilities. Cummings, T.G. and Worley, C.G., 2014.Organization development and change. Cengage learning. Fan, J.P., Titman, S. and Twite, G., 2012. An international comparison of capital structure and debt maturity choices.Journal of Financial and quantitative Analysis,47(01), pp.23-56. Hasan, M.A., Sarkis, J. and Shankar, R., 2012. Agility and production flow layouts: An analytical decision analysis.Computers Industrial Engineering,62(4), pp.898-907. Heizer, J., Render, P. and Zu'bi, Z., 2013. Operation Management (Arab World Edition). Hill, A. and Hill, T., 2012.Operations management. Palgrave Macmillan. Martinez-Gomez, J., NaÃÅ' poles-Rivera, F., Ponce-Ortega, J.M., Serna-GonzaÃÅ' lez, M. and El-Halwagi, M.M., 2014. Siting optimization of facility and unit relocation with the simultaneous consideration of economic and safety issues.Industrial Engineering Chemistry Research,53(10), pp.3950-3958. Oakland, J.S., 2014.Total quality management and operational excellence: text with cases. Routledge. Peirson, G., Brown, R., Easton, S. and Howard, P., 2014.Business finance. McGraw-Hill Education Australia. Sharma, P. and Singhal, S., 2015. Comparative analysis of procedural approaches for facility layout design using AHP approach.Int. J. Manuf. Technol. Manag. Slack, N., 2015.Operations strategy. John Wiley Sons, Ltd. Su, S., Li, X., Tang, T. and Gao, Z., 2013. A subway train timetable optimization approach based on energy-efficient operation strategy.IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems,14(2), pp.883-893. Tano, M., Data Tec Co., Ltd., 2013.Operation management device to be mounted to a moving object, portable information terminal, operation management server, and computer program. U.S. Patent 8,421,864.

Of Mice And Men Appreciation Essays - English-language Films

Of Mice And Men Appreciation The book that I have read that has really stayed with me is Of Mice and Men by John Steinbeck. I really enjoyed reading it which is unusual because I usually don't enjoy reading too much. There was something about George and Lennie's friendship that really made me think. Seeing how they were and how they shared life was really interesting. George didn't have to bother with Lennie, he could have abandoned him and gone on his own way. But he did not do that, he stayed with Lennie watching over him almost like a parent to a child. Even though Lennie always got George in trouble, George never stopped loving him and always stood by him. The friendship they shared went beyond what was transparent they each shared a dream and both knew they meant the world to each other. I felt that if these totally different people could get along and look out for each other, why cannot we get along with people who are different than us. They made me realize that I could learn something from how to treat people who are different than me. What I also liked about it was the way they never stopped trying to reach their dream. This made me think that if they could work hard for there dream why can't I. It showed me that it does not matter were you come from or what you do, it is okay to dream and work as hard as you can to reach it. For all it shows for friendship and loyalty it also shows how sometimes you have to do things you never thought you would do. For example in the end when George is forced to shoot Lennie in the head you would never have thought he would do that, but you can see that under the circumstances he had no other choice. He only had two choices let the other people get to him first and watch them torture Lennie while he died a long horrible death or do it himself and get it over quick were Lennie did not know what hit him. This is also true in life, many times we are faced with tuff choices and even though they may be the hardest you will have to go through, you know that that is the only way. You come to the realization that everything you thought you was about, can all change with a blink of the eye.

Aids in Africa Essay

Aids in Africa Essay Aids in Africa Essay Much Ado about Nothing is a comedy play set in a patriarchal time written by Shakespeare. It is based on deception, allusion and finally reconciliation. Don John causes and spread lies that the rest of the characters have to sort out but like most Shakespearean plays, it all end well. The nefarious character has been captured and the non-culpable characters have been righted. Benedick acts very obnoxious and whimsical in the first two scenes by being very immature and narcissistic whereas Beatrice acts very manipulative and witty. However in Act 4 Benedick acts completely different. Firstly Benedick is shown to be more mature in Act 4 scene 1: 'Surely I do believe your fair cousin is wronged' Here Benedick is trying to calm down Beatrice and for once is agreeing that Beatrice's cousin has been 'wronged'. This is very strange because throughout the play Benedick 'skirmish of wit' with Beatrice has involved him acting harshly but now he is acting as a manly figure, by trying to figure out what is happening and he is starting to convince Beatrice that Hero is innocent and that she should not â€Å"weep†. Another example is when Benedict asked Beatrice 'Is Claudio thine enemy'. Here, we can see that Benedick is more mature as he is making Beatrice see and act clearly because Benedick has to make sure what she is doing and that she doesn't react irrationally by asking Beatrice if Claudio is an 'enemy'. By calming and maturely he has started earning the love that Beatrice deserves. After he takes on the task to challenge Claudio, he acted very mature by telling to Beatrice to 'go comfort your cousin’; this is very affective because he uses an imperative. By doing this he is taking a leadership stance, his maturity is also displayed in his caring attitude as he directs Beatrice to look after Hero, who has been emotionally hurt by Claudio words. In contrast to this earlier in the play Benedick was a very immature buffoon by saying 'if signor Leonato be her father, she would not have his head on her shoulders'. Here Benedick is acting immature by insulting Leonato by saying Hero is not his daughter, this is a worse in Shakespearean times because you could not tell who was the father, so Benedick has insulted Leonato. This is very different from Act 4 scene 1 because he takes leadership and tries to work out what is really happening and who is to blame. In the 1993 version, Branagh adds to Benedick's presentation as being more mature through his reactions when Beatrice was crying. He raised his arms and held her back so Beatrice can calm down. This shows an increase of maturity as he takes on the role to calm Beatrice down to stop her acting drastically and the she will listen to him. Secondly, Beatrice is frustrating with her role is demonstrated in Act 4 scene 1: 'O God [†¦] I would eat his heart in the market place' Here Beatrice is using vengeful diatribe towards Claudio when she states that she would 'eat his heart'. This shows that Beatrice wants to get revenge from Claudio for being so nasty to hero and so she sees him as evil. Beatrice wants to complete this horrible task in the 'market place' so everyone can watch of what has become of the Claudio. Beatrice is showed to be frustrated with her by saying ' I cannot be a man with wishing; therefore I will die a woman with grieving'. Here we can see that Beatrice feels upset but she is helpless because she can't do anything about it because 'she will never be a 'man with wishing'. A man, like Benedick is very important to Beatrice because she wants vengeance for what Claudio has done but she needs Benedick to fulfil this task because being a woman she can only 'grieve'. She will never be a woman she will try and manipulate Benedick into duelling Claudio by stating 'Ah, how much might the man deserve of me that would right her'. Here Beatrice i s trying to manipulate Benedick into duelling Claudio cannot do it herself so she needs convince Benedick into the man that will deserve

Dna history Essays

Dna history Essays Dna history Essay Dna history Essay The history of DNA structure discovery(sec. 4. 1): 1869- Johan miescher studies the nuclei of white blood cells(isolated th material using HCL and digestive proteins Named the substance nulclein and also found the material was rich in nitrogen and phosphorus. 919-Pheobus levene Discovered that DNA was made of chains of nucleotides *see nucleotide structure* 1920 DNAVSRNA * see chart Thought that 4 nucleotides were connected in the same repeated pattern protein gas 20 amino acids which could be combined in many combinations 1928- Frederick Griffith studied tho starins of pnuemococccus bacteria Rough strain-nonvirulent -Injection into mouse did not result in death smooth -injection caused death conclusion; some factor from the dead, virulent smooth strain transformed rthe living non-virulent rough strain. Non virulent rough strain picked up DNA becoming virulent. 1930-Joachim hammerling *see image in notebook* nucleus controls phenotypic properties of algae Avefry continued Griffiths w ork: purified chemicals from the heat-killed virulent bacteria, including DNA transformed non-virulent bacteria with each chemical into viruent only DNA resulted in death of the mouse Conclusion: transforming agent is DNA, thus DNA carries information to change living cell. 944-Avey, McCarty, and MacLeod Continued Griffiths work with pnemococcus see notebook* 1940s-Joshua Lederberg demonstrated bacterial conjugation -bacteria can exchange DNA Baccteria have no nucleus or chromosomes. 1940s- Edwin Chargaff For all organisms A=T and G=C (chargaffs rule) Organsisms with more Gs and Cs tend to be more complex (3 h-bonds) 1952-Hersey chase Conducted experiments to show definitive data to show DNA is the hereditary material. Bacteriophage used to infect bacteria. what they knew: -virus are composed of DNA and protein -virus infection reprograms a host cell to produce more virus. Question: which viral component is responsible for the reprogramming, DNA or protein. Bacteriophage/ Phage; Vir us that infects bacteria Radioactive sulfur which labels proteins Radioactive phosphorus which labels DNA virus injects DNA into host cell during infection, protein stays outside Dna provides info to reprogram host cells ti make more virus in virus, DNA is the hereditary material, not proteins. 1950-Mauric Wilkins and Rosalin franklin xray- crystallography: physics approach to examining biological molecules. ranklins xray photo indicated: 1. backbone of alternating phosphate and sugars 2. backbone is a helical structure 3. double helix structure(molecule is a uniform helix_ 4. Nitrogenous bases are in the middle of the molecuse 5. Bases are at right angels to the backbone they knew that each base could pair with partner, pyrimidine with purine. 1953-James Watson and francis crick Inspired by alpha-helix model of proteins discovered how A+T and G+C bonded together. Rosalin width of purine+pyrimidine bonds fit perfectly between the sugar-phosphate ackbone. the double helix model offer ed an easy method for replication. regular pattern typical of helical structure reminiscent of the alphahelix in proteins deterimingd rules of base pairing-size and hydrogen bonding Anti-parallel nature of strands. 1953- linus pauling proposed thr alpha helix seconday structure in proteins triple helix DNA model: 3 strands intertwined What was wrong: -phosphate groups were shown as neutral molecules -phosphates organized in the core for the helix-negative charges on oxygen would repel -Bases facing outwards.

Human cloning Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Human cloning - Research Paper Example According to the beliefs of Human Cloning Foundation (HCF), cloning technology is to find out a solution to enormous diseases and to prolong the survival rate. The technology could be utilized for blood cell cloning, organ cloning, treating cancer and to cure infertility. It could be exploited for cosmetic and plastic surgery and to prolong the aging. The technology could be used to overturn heart attacks. The technique utilizes embryonic stem cells for mending and reinstate damaged tissues. It could be used to replace skin tissues for burn victims, to replace damaged brain tissues, spinal cord cells or for regenerating tissues of various malfunctioning or non-functioning organs. Research is also underway to procure the cure for Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, diabetes, Arthritis, plastic surgery or cosmetic surgery, limb amputation, breast implants, replacement of faulty genes, chromosomal anomalies, liver and kidney transplantation (Smith). As every technology comes with enormous pros and cons so do cloning. The moral predicament of human cloning lies on the argument to promote or to impede cloning. Cloning is a kind of asexual reproduction, it therefore reduces the sense of distinctiveness of a character and there lacking uniqueness and freedom.

Social context of Health and Illness Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Social context of Health and Illness - Essay Example In the Act, Edwin envisioned that the prevention of disease was possible if there were proper waste disposal and sewerage systems. In particular, Edwin felt that the clearance of huge chunks of decomposing organic matter from highly populated areas could reduce infections. He also advocated the introduction of high-pressure flushing sewers and utmost care in food handling. Louis Pasteur is known for his development of the germ theory of disease (Germov and Hornosty). His belief was that every disease had a causative agent that entered the human body. Upon entry, the germ causes a deviance in an individual’s body normal functioning. Pasteur’s line of thought became the basis of modern medicine (Germov and Hornosty). Modern medicine advocates hygiene and sterilization procedures especially in surgical operations as a way of preventing disease. Louis Pasteur believes that if identified, the germs can be treated then the person can resume his or duties. Although both Edward Chadwick and Louis Pasteur contributed significantly in the health of Britain, it is clear that their thoughts are from different perspectives. Edward Chadwick, in particular, argues from a sociological perspective where he believes that a healthy body depends on a healthy environment. The decomposing organic matter and the dense population, in his view, contribute to the diseases affecting the society. By removing such wastes, he believes the society and its people will contribute in controlling illness. On the other hand, Louis Pasteur argues from a biomedical perspective. He believes that an ailment is a temporally malfunction/medically sanctioned form of unusual behaviour (Germov and Hornosty). Louis believes that for such a person to get well or be excused from work, he or she needs to seek medical treatment. The other difference is that Edward Chadwick believes that the social class has a great influence on

Advanced Accounting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Advanced Accounting - Essay Example So that the combined totals for individual accounts may be increased or decreased so that only transactions with external parties are reflected in the consolidated amounts. Because they do not carry over from period to period (Peterson, 2012). Although most parent companies do possess 100 percent ownership of their subsidiaries, a significant number establish control with a lesser amount of stock. If the parent does not own 100% of the company (Peterson et al, 2012), WHO owns the rest of it? No controlling Shareholders. The ownership interests of the No controlling Shareholders must be reflected in the consolidated financial statements. The Parent, with controlling interest, must consolidate 100% of the Subsidiary’s financial information. The acquisition method requires that the subsidiary be valued at the acquisition-date fair value. Parker purchased 9,000 shares at $70 per share. The fair value of their consideration transferred is $630,000. The remaining 1,000 shares trade at $60 per share indicating that the fair value of the no controlling interest is $60,000. The total acquisition-date fair value of the sub is $690,000. The total acquisition-date fair value (amount paid) of Strong of $690,000 is greater than the fair value of the identifiable net assets acquired of $600,000 (10,000 shares x $60 per share). The difference is allocated to Goodwill. The parent first allocates goodwill to its controlling interest for the excess of the fair value of the parent’s equity interest over its share of the fair value of the net identifiable assets. ($600,000 X 90% = 540, 000). Goodwill allocated to the controlling and no controlling interests will not always be proportional to the percentages owned(Ittelson, 2009). Errors or omissions on the books of the subsidiary. Corrections should be made directly on the subsidiary’s books as of the date of acquisition. Excess of fair value over book

Battle Of Leyte Gulf History Essay

Battle Of Leyte Gulf History Essay The Battle of Leyte Gulf (Oct. 23-26, 1944) was a naval engagement between the forces of the Imperial Navy of Japan and the United States Navy. The United States planned to retake the Philippine Islands from the Japanese Empire as they saw the islands as a vital naval base of operations to start its island hopping campaign. By taking the islands, the American forces can launch a direct naval assault on the islands near the Japanese homeland. Expecting an invasion, Japanese forces launched its forces towards Leyte Gulf where Americans are bound to land its troops to start the liberation. However, the navy suffered heavy losses during previous naval engagements leaving them with a numerical disadvantage. In the ensuing battle, American fighters successfully inflicted heavy damages to the Japanese fleet forcing them to retreat. With the threat of a Japanese intrusion on the American transports gone, troops were able to land on Leyte paving a way to the eventual liberation of the rest of the Philippine Islands. The Japanese suffered heavy losses on its part allowing the United States to start invading the Philippines and elimina te any naval threats in the Pacific from the Japanese Navy. Battle of Midway Island The Battle of Midway Island (June 3, 1942) marked the first major naval victory against the Imperial Navy of Japan turning the tide of the war on the side of the Americans. The Japanese planned to invade Midway Island as the islands were strategically placed in the middle of the Pacific Ocean thus, expanding Japans defensive perimeters by adding a naval base in its arsenal more closer to the US. They also hoped that the aircraft carriers of the United States that missed the attack on Pearl Harbor would be lured in to engage the Japanese fleet in a counter attack. The Japaneses main goal was to finally wipe out the entire Pacific fleet of the United States rendering the country useless as Japan expand its Greater East Asia Co-prosperity Sphere; the Japanese plan to bring Northeast and Southeast Asia under its rule. Unknown to the Japanese fleet, United States intelligence successfully decrypted the Japanese plan to invade Midway. They sent three aircraft carriers, Hornet, Yorktown, and Enterprise to ambush the Japanese fleet. The resulting naval engagement proved to be disastrous to the Japanese forces as they were caught off guard when US fighters attac ked the vulnerable fleet. Four of its aircraft carriers were destroyed and dozens of veteran aircraft pilots killed. Japanese Admiral Yamamoto was forced to abandon the invasion of Midway. The battle marked the first major naval victory of the Americans. It was a great loss to the Japanese Empire losing four of its greatest aircraft carriers crippling the navys capability to battle on par with the United States. Battle of the Philippine Sea June 19, 1944 The Battle of the Philippine Sea was a naval battle between the opposing forces of the United States and Japan. Marianas Turkey Shoot. It was considered to be the greatest carrier battle in history. The battle started when the Americans led its naval fleet towards the Marianas Islands to retake it from the Japanese. Because losing the Marianas meant that the defenses of the Philippines and Japan itself will lessen, the Imperial Navy decided to challenge the American fleet. It resulted in a decisive American victory and a great defeat to the navy of Japan. One contributing factor that led to Japans defeat was its inexperienced fighters and aging fighter planes. Battle of Iwo Jima February 19-March 26, 1945 One of the last battles on the Pacific Theatre between the forces of United States and Japan. As the United States acquired more and more islands Japan previously controlled, it became obvious that the tide of the war is turning on the side of the Americans. However, in order for Japan to surrender the United States needed to invade the Japanese home islands. Americans moved their sights on the island of Iwo Jima. The island was strategically important because of its potential refueling base and emergency landing field for its fleet of bombers. On February 19, 1945 after shelling the island for 74 days, US marines landed on the island to wrestle its control from Japanese forces. The American forces after suffering heavy casualties finally succeeded in taking over the island on March 26, 1945 after 36 days of fighting. The Battle of Iwo Jima was a turning point in the Pacific War as it resulted in the deteriorating of Japanese supremacy in the Pacific. Iwo Jima subsequently became the stepping point for the last and largest engagement between the Japanese and United States. Ba ttle of Okinawa. Battle of Okinawa April 1-June 22, 1945 The last and largest engagement between the forces of the United States and Japanese imperial forces. Okinawa Island was the largest in the Ryukyu Islands being of great importance as it was located just south of the Japanese main islands. The United States sought to take it from Japanese forces to launch raids on the archipelago, Japans home islands. American forces were numerically superior to that of the Japanese-287,000 against 130,000 troops. The battle resulted in massive casualties in both sides. The Japanese defenders fought bravely against its invaders and even using fanatical tactics to try do defeat American forces. Such tactics included Kamikazes, intentional ramming of Japanese fighter planes on American ships. In a desperate bid to defend the island, Japan launched Operation Ten Go. Japan sent the battleship Yamato, the largest and most armed battleship in history as a suicide attempt to destroy as many American ships as possible. Unfortunately, American submarines quic kly spotted the ship and destroyed it before reaching the island. The battle continued on for many weeks and only ending after the Japanese garrison had been exhausted. The whole troops of Japan were wiped out including some 150,000 civilians. In the American side 13,000 were dead and 37,000 wounded. The unwillingness to give up showed by the Japanese forced the then-president Truman to allow the use of the atomic bomb to finally end the war. Battle of Wake Island Japanese fleet launched an invasion on a small atoll called Wake Island. Though they were unsuccessful in their first attacks, the eventual assaults this time by a larger Japanese fleet forced the defenders to surrender. Battle of Java Sea The battle was a decisive Japanese victory against the forces of the Allies which included the US, Britain and the Netherlands. The Japanese fleet was better organized and deployed constant air attacks demoralizing the Allies. In the end, Japan was able to invade the island of Java extending its empires reach in Southeast Asia once more. Doolittle Raids The Doolittle Raids were the first air raid conducted by the United States on the Japanese Home Islands. On April 18, 1942 sixteen bombers launched from aircraft carrier USS Hornet flew to Japan in a mission to destroy strategic locations and boost American morale after the Attack on Pearl Harbor. Though, no sufficient damage was made it forced Japanese military to strengthen the defenses around the home islands, bringing back its powerful aircraft fleet to defend the islands. It also justified the Japanese invasion on Midway island .They believed that the bombers came from that island and if left untouched, it would pose a threat to Japan. The raids damaged the governments prestige and in the ensuing battle in Midway hurt Japans overall prestige. Bataan Death March After the invasion of the Philippines by the Empire of Japan, some 75,000 American and Filipino forces surrendered after the loss in the Battle of Bataan. On April 9, 1942 Japanese forces forced march these prisoner of war (POW) to a prison camp about 63 miles away from Bataan. They were robbed of their belongings and were mistreated severely during the march. Prisoners were beaten harshly and most of the time for no apparent reason. Those who tried to get a drink of water were quickly executed. Eventually, the sides of the roads became littered with dead bodies. En route to the camp, about 7,000-10,000 died while others escaped to the jungle. Only 54,000 reached the camp. Battle of Coral Sea May 7-8, 1942 Japan planned an invasion on Port Moresby to try to keep the United States from helping Australia. Allied intelligence knew of the attack so they sent a task force to try to repulse the invasion. The Battle of Coral Sea marked the first time the Japanese failed to complete its mission in the war. The result of the Coral Sea engagement was that neither side won the battle completely. Japan won a tactical victory as it was able to sink more ships than the Americans. The United States won a strategic victory as Japan failed to complete its invasion. Atomic Bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki After the bloody engagement in the island of Okinawa, President Truman was forced to make a choice in the future of the war in the Pacific. With Germany defeated in Europe, all that stands in ending World War II is Japan. Truman knew after the Battle of Okinawa that Japan will fight to the end if ever American forces begin to invade the Japanese home islands. The casualties of such attack would be considerably high and it would only prolong the war. Refusing to throw away the lives of American soldiers, Truman agreed over moral reservations that using the Atomic bomb would quickly put an end to the war without any major American casualty. With Japans refusal to accept the Potsdam Declaration which stated that Japan will end in prompt and utter destruction if they do not surrender, the plan went into effect. On August 6, Enola Gay the bomber dropped the atomic bomb (Little Boy) on the city of Hiroshima. The bomb exploded 2,000 feet above Hiroshima destroying large parts of the city. W ithin minutes, the radiation effects caused by the bomb had killed 70,000-80,000 people. Another bomb was dropped (Fat Man) when the Japanese government still refused to surrender this time on the city of Nagasaki. 60,000-80,000 people were killed. Guadalcanal Campaign August 7, 1942-February 9, 1943 The Guadalcanal Island is a part of the Solomon Islands, a series of small islands 500 miles northeast of Australia. At the start of the war, Japan controlled much of the Solomon including Guadalcanal. The airbase in Guadalcanal was important to strengthen the sea lines of communication between Australia and United States. On August 7, the Allied troops landed on the shores of the islands and quickly captured an unfinished Japanese airstrip renaming it Henderson Field. Japanese reinforcements arrived and both sides battled viciously for the control of the island. Battles were done on air, land and sea for many months with heavy casualties on either side. As Allied forces grew increasingly in numbers, Japan launched a counteroffensive to retakes the islands from Allied forces. By November 15, the Allied forces decisively defeated Japanese but not without suffering major casualties. By mid-February Japan was forced to evacuate the island allowing the Allied forces to control the island . The battle was important to the war because it was the first major land defeat of the Japanese forces and ended any further expansion attempts. It was considered to be the first in a long series of battles that ultimately brought the United States on the Japanese home islands. Attack on Pearl Harbor December 7, 1941 The United States had emplaced economic sanctions and embargo on Japan ever since it started its expansion towards China. Without essential supplies America believed it would stop its territorial acquisitions in Asia. Japan however did not agree on negotiations with the United States. Because oil reserves are running out, Japan needed to acquire lands rich with natural resources in the Pacific to support its extending empire in Asia. With this in mind, Japan would directly attack the military of the United States situated in Pearl Harbor to eliminate a possible counter offensive when it starts to acquire other territories especially the Philippine islands. Japan hoped that by destroying the Pacific Fleet of the United States, it would leave them unopposed in expanding its empire. On December 7, 1941 launched 6 of its aircraft carriers with hundreds of aircraft to Pearl Harbor for a surprise attack. Caught unaware, the ships moored in the bay were destroyed one by one as Japanese figh ter planes and bombers dropped a barrage of bombs and bullets. Overall damages to the fleet were high; most of the battleships destroyed along with hundreds of aircraft. The following day, the United States declared war on Japan. After three days, Germany and Italy, Japans allies declared war on the United States. Though it had destroyed the majority of the battleships of the Pacific Fleet, Japan failed to destroy the United States aircraft carriers at that time located on the main land. The battleships had become obsolete at the start of World War II which Japan still see as more important than aircraft power. The United States was forced to use its fleet of aircraft carriers to wage war on the Pacific, a major oversight of Japan which ultimately led to victories on the Pacific.

Answer to the Corporate Finance

Chapter 14 Capital Structure in a Perfect Market 14-1. Consider a project with free cash flows in one year of $130,000 or $180,000, with each outcome being equally likely. The initial investment required for the project is $100,000, and the project’s cost of capital is 20%. The risk-free interest rate is 10%. a. What is the NPV of this project? b. Suppose that to raise the funds for the initial investment, the project is sold to investors as an all-equity firm. The equity holders will receive the cash flows of the project in one year. How much money can be raised in this way—that is, what is the initial market value of the unlevered equity? . a. Suppose the initial $100,000 is instead raised by borrowing at the risk-free interest rate. What are the cash flows of the levered equity, and what is its initial value according to MM? E ? C (1)? = ? ? 1 (130, 000 + 180, 000) = 155, 000, 2 155, 000 NPV = ? 100, 000 = 129,167 ? 100, 000 = $29,167 1. 20 155, 000 = 129,167 1. 20 b . c. Equity value = PV ( C (1)) = Debt payments = 100, 000, equity receives 20,000 or 70,000. Initial value, by MM, is 129,167 ? 100, 000 = $29,167 . 14-2. You are an entrepreneur starting a biotechnology firm. If your research is successful, the technology can be sold for $30 million.If your research is unsuccessful, it will be worth nothing. To fund your research, you need to raise $2 million. Investors are willing to provide you with $2 million in initial capital in exchange for 50% of the unlevered equity in the firm. a. What is the total market value of the firm without leverage? b. Suppose you borrow $1 million. According to MM, what fraction of the firm’s equity will you need to sell to raise the additional $1 million you need? c. What is the value of your share of the firm’s equity in cases (a) and (b)? a. b. c. Total value of equity = 2 ? 2m = $4m MM says total value of firm is still $4 million. $1 million of debt implies total value of equity is $3 million. T herefore, 33% of equity must be sold to raise $1 million. In (a), 50% ? $4m = $2m. In (b), 2/3 ? $3m = $2m. Thus, in a perfect market the choice of capital structure does not affect the value to the entrepreneur.  ©2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall Berk/DeMarzo †¢ Corporate Finance, Second Edition 14-3. 185 Acort Industries owns assets that will have an 80% probability of having a market value of $50 million in one year.There is a 20% chance that the assets will be worth only $20 million. The current risk-free rate is 5%, and Acort’s assets have a cost of capital of 10%. a. If Acort is unlevered, what is the current market value of its equity? b. Suppose instead that Acort has debt with a face value of $20 million due in one year. According to MM, what is the value of Acort’s equity in this case? c. What is the expected return of Acort’s equity without leverage? What is the expected return of Acort’s equity with leverage? d. What is the lowest possible realized return of Acort’s equity with and without leverage? . b. c. d. 14-4. E[Value in one year] = 0. 8 ( 50 ) + 0. 2 ( 20 ) = 44 . E = D= 44 = $40m. 1. 10 20 = 19. 048 . Therefore, E = 40 ? 19. 048 = $20. 952m. 1. 05 44 44 ? 20 ? 1 = 10% , with leverage, r = ? 1 = 14. 55%. 40 20. 952 20 0 ? 1 = ? 50% , with leverage, r = ? 1 = ? 100%. 40 20. 952 Without leverage, r= Without leverage, r= Wolfrum Technology (WT) has no debt. Its assets will be worth $450 million in one year if the economy is strong, but only $200 million in one year if the economy is weak. Both events are equally likely. The market value today of its assets is $250 million. . What is the expected return of WT stock without leverage? b. Suppose the risk-free interest rate is 5%. If WT borrows $100 million today at this rate and uses the proceeds to pay an immediate cash dividend, what will be the market value of its equity just after the dividend is paid, according to MM? c. What i s the expected return of MM stock after the dividend is paid in part (b)? a. b. c. 14-5. (. 5 ? 450+. 5 ? 200)/250 = 1. 30 => 30% E + D = 250, D = 100 => E = 150 (. 5 ? (450-105) + . 5 ? (200-105))/150 = 1. 4667 => 46. 67% Suppose there are no taxes.Firm ABC has no debt, and firm XYZ has debt of $5000 on which it pays interest of 10% each year. Both companies have identical projects that generate free cash flows of $800 or $1000 each year. After paying any interest on debt, both companies use all remaining free cash flows to pay dividends each year. a. Fill in the table below showing the payments debt and equity holders of each firm will receive given each of the two possible levels of free cash flows. b. Suppose you hold 10% of the equity of ABC. What is another portfolio you could hold that would provide the same cash flows? 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 186 Berk/DeMarzo †¢ Corporate Finance, Second Edition c. Suppose you hold 10% of the equity of X YZ. If you can borrow at 10%, what is an alternative strategy that would provide the same cash flows? ABC Debt Payments Equity Dividends 0 800 0 1000 XYZ Debt Payments Equity Dividends 500 300 500 500 a. FCF $800 $1,000 b. c. 14-6. Unlevered Equity = Debt + Levered Equity. Buy 10% of XYZ debt and 10% of XYZ Equity, get 50 + (30,50) = (80,100) Levered Equity = Unlevered Equity + Borrowing. Borrow $500, buy 10% of ABC, receive (80,100) – 50 = (30, 50)Suppose Alpha Industries and Omega Technology have identical assets that generate identical cash flows. Alpha Industries is an all-equity firm, with 10 million shares outstanding that trade for a price of $22 per share. Omega Technology has 20 million shares outstanding as well as debt of $60 million. a. According to MM Proposition I, what is the stock price for Omega Technology? b. Suppose Omega Technology stock currently trades for $11 per share. What arbitrage opportunity is available? What assumptions are necessary to exploit t his opportunity? a. b. V(alpha) = 10 ? 22 = 220m = V(omega) = D + E ?E = 220 – 60 = 160m ? p = $8 per share. Omega is overpriced. Sell 20 Omega, buy 10 alpha, and borrow 60. Initial = 220 – 220 + 60 = 60. Assumes we can trade shares at current prices and that we can borrow at the same terms as Omega (or own Omega debt and can sell at same price). 14-7. Cisoft is a highly profitable technology firm that currently has $5 billion in cash. The firm has decided to use this cash to repurchase shares from investors, and it has already announced these plans to investors. Currently, Cisoft is an all-equity firm with 5 billion shares outstanding. These shares currently trade for $12 per share.Cisoft has issued no other securities except for stock options given to its employees. The current market value of these options is $8 billion. a. What is the market value of Cisoft’s non-cash assets? b. With perfect capital markets, what is the market value of Cisoft’s equity after the share repurchase? What is the value per share? a. Assets = cash + non-cash, Liabilities = equity + options, Non-cash assets = equity + options – cash = 12 ? 5 + 8 – 5 = 63 billion. Equity = 60 – 5 =55. Repurchase Per share value = 55 = $12 . 4. 583 5b = 0. 417b shares ? 4. 583 b shares remain. 12 b. 14-8.Schwartz Industry is an industrial company with 100 million shares outstanding and a market capitalization (equity value) of $4 billion. It has $2 billion of debt outstanding. Management have decided to delever the firm by issuing new equity to repay all outstanding debt. a. How many new shares must the firm issue? b. Suppose you are a shareholder holding 100 shares, and you disagree with this decision. Assuming a perfect capital market, describe what you can do to undo the effect of this decision. a. Share price = 4b/100m = $40, Issue 2b/40 = 50 million shares  ©2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice HallBerk/DeMarzo †¢ Corporate Finance, Second Edition 187 b. You can undo the effect of the decision by borrowing to buy additional shares, in the same proportion as the firm’s actions, thus relevering your own portfolio. In this case you should buy 50 new shares and borrow $2000. 14-9. Zetatron is an all-equity firm with 100 million shares outstanding, which are currently trading for $7. 50 per share. A month ago, Zetatron announced it will change its capital structure by borrowing $100 million in short-term debt, borrowing $100 million in long-term debt, and issuing $100 million of preferred stock.The $300 million raised by these issues, plus another $50 million in cash that Zetatron already has, will be used to repurchase existing shares of stock. The transaction is scheduled to occur today. Assume perfect capital markets. a. What is the market value balance sheet for Zetatron i. Before this transaction? ii. After the new securities are issued but before the share repurchase? iii. After the share repur chase? b. At the conclusion of this transaction, how many shares outstanding will Zetatron have, and what will the value of those shares be? . i. ii. A = 50 cash + 700 non-cash L = 750 equity A = 350 cash + 700 non-cash L = 750 equity + 100 short-term debt + 100 long-term debt + 100 preferred stock iii. A = 700 non-cash L = 400 equity + 100 short-term debt + 100 long-term debt + 100 preferred stock b. 14-10. Repurchase 350 400 = 46. 67 shares ? 53. 33 remain. Value is = 7. 50. 7. 50 53. 33 Explain what is wrong with the following argument: â€Å"If a firm issues debt that is risk free, because there is no possibility of default, the risk of the firm’s equity does not change.Therefore, risk-free debt allows the firm to get the benefit of a low cost of capital of debt without raising its cost of capital of equity. † Any leverage raises the equity cost of capital. In fact, risk-free leverage raises it the most (because it does not share any of the risk). 14-11. Consider t he entrepreneur described in Section 14. 1 (and referenced in Tables 14. 1–14. 3). Suppose she funds the project by borrowing $750 rather than $500. a. According to MM Proposition I, what is the value of the equity? What are its cash flows if the economy is strong? What are its cash flows if the economy is weak?What is the risk premium of equity in each case? What is the sensitivity of the levered equity return to systematic risk? How does its sensitivity compare to that of unlevered equity? How does its risk premium compare to that of unlevered equity? What is the firm’s WACC in this case? b. What is the return of the equity in each case? What is its expected return? c. d. What is the debt-equity ratio of the firm in this case? e. a. b. E = 1000 – 750 = 250. CF = (1400,900) – 500 (1. 05) = (612. 5,112. 5) Re = (145%, – 55%), E[Re] = 45%, Risk premium = 45% – 5% = 40%  ©2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 88 Berk/DeMar zo †¢ Corporate Finance, Second Edition c. d. e. 14-12. Return sensitivity = 145% – (-55%) = 200%. This sensitivity is 4x the sensitivity of unlevered equity (50%). Its risk premium is also 4x that of unlevered equity (40% vs. 10%). 750 = 3x 250 25%(45%)+75%(5%) = 15% Hardmon Enterprises is currently an all-equity firm with an expected return of 12%. It is considering a leveraged recapitalization in which it would borrow and repurchase existing shares. a. Suppose Hardmon borrows to the point that its debt-equity ratio is 0. 50. With this amount of debt, the debt cost of capital is 6%.What will the expected return of equity be after this transaction? b. Suppose instead Hardmon borrows to the point that its debt-equity ratio is 1. 50. With this amount of debt, Hardmon’s debt will be much riskier. As a result, the debt cost of capital will be 8%. What will the expected return of equity be in this case? c. A senior manager argues that it is in the best interest of the shareholders to choose the capital structure that leads to the highest expected return for the stock. How would you respond to this argument? a. b. c. 14-13. re = ru + d/e(ru – rd) = 12% + 0. 50(12% – 6%) = 15% re = 12% + 1. 0(12% – 8%) = 18% Returns are higher because risk is higher—the return fairly compensates for the risk. There is no free lunch. Suppose Microsoft has no debt and an equity cost of capital of 9. 2%. The average debt-to-value ratio for the software industry is 13%. What would its cost of equity be if it took on the average amount of debt for its industry at a cost of debt of 6%? At a cost of debt of 6%: D (rU ? rD ) E 0. 13 rE = 0. 092 + (0. 092 ? 0. 06) 0. 87 = 0. 0968 rE = rU + = 9. 68%. 14-14. Global Pistons (GP) has common stock with a market value of $200 million and debt with a value of $100 million.Investors expect a 15% return on the stock and a 6% return on the debt. Assume perfect capital markets. a. Suppose GP issues $100 mi llion of new stock to buy back the debt. What is the expected return of the stock after this transaction? i. If the risk of the debt does not change, what is the expected return of the stock after this transaction? b. Suppose instead GP issues $50 million of new debt to repurchase stock. ii. If the risk of the debt increases, would the expected return of the stock be higher or lower than in part (i)?  ©2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice HallBerk/DeMarzo †¢ Corporate Finance, Second Edition 2 (15% ) 6% + = 12% = ru . 3 3 189 a. b. wacc = i. re = ru + d / e ( ru ? rd ) = 12 + 150 (12 ? 6) = 18% 150 ii. if rd is higher, re is lower. The debt will share some of the risk. 14-15. Hubbard Industries is an all-equity firm whose shares have an expected return of 10%. Hubbard does a leveraged recapitalization, issuing debt and repurchasing stock, until its debt-equity ratio is 0. 60. Due to the increased risk, shareholders now expect a return of 13%. Assuming there are no taxes and Hubbard’s debt is risk free, what is the interest rate on the debt? acc = ru = 10% = 1 0. 6 x ? 1. 6 (10) ? 13 = 3 = 0. 6 x ? x = 5% 13% + 1. 6 1. 6 14-16. Hartford Mining has 50 million shares that are currently trading for $4 per share and $200 million worth of debt. The debt is risk free and has an interest rate of 5%, and the expected return of Hartford stock is 11%. Suppose a mining strike causes the price of Hartford stock to fall 25% to $3 per share. The value of the risk-free debt is unchanged. Assuming there are no taxes and the risk (unlevered beta) of Hartford’s assets is unchanged, what happens to Hartford’s equity cost of capital? u = wacc = 1 1 200 (11) + (5) = 8% . re = 8% + (8% ? 5%) = 12% 2 2 150 14-17. Mercer Corp. is an all equity firm with 10 million shares outstanding and $100 million worth of debt outstanding. Its current share price is $75. Mercer’s equity cost of capital is 8. 5%. Mercer has just announced that it wil l issue $350 million worth of debt. It will use the proceeds from this debt to pay off its existing debt, and use the remaining $250 million to pay an immediate dividend. Assume perfect capital markets. a. Estimate Mercer’s share price just after the recapitalization is announced, but before the transaction occurs. . Estimate Mercer’s share price at the conclusion of the transaction. (Hint: use the market value balance sheet. ) c. Suppose Mercer’s existing debt was risk-free with a 4. 25% expected return, and its new debt is risky with a 5% expected return. Estimate Mercer’s equity cost of capital after the transaction. a. b. MM => no change, $75 Initial enterprise value = 75 ? 10 + 100 = 850 million New debt = 350 million E = 850 – 350 = 500 Share price = 500/10 = $50 c. Ru = (750/850) ? 8. 5% + (100/850) ? 4. 25% = 8% Re = 8% + 350/500(8% – 5%) = 10. 1%  ©2011 Pearson Education, Inc.Publishing as Prentice Hall 190 14-18. Berk/DeMarzo â⠂¬ ¢ Corporate Finance, Second Edition In June 2009, Apple Computer had no debt, total equity capitalization of $128 billion, and a (equity) beta of 1. 7 (as reported on Google Finance). Included in Apple’s assets was $25 billion in cash and risk-free securities. Assume that the risk-free rate of interest is 5% and the market risk premium is 4%. a. c. What is Apple’s enterprise value? What is Apple’s WACC? b. What is the beta of Apple’s business assets? a. b. 128-25=103 million Because the debt is risk free, ?U = E ? E E+D 128 = (1. 7) 103 = 2. 11 c. rWACC = rf + ? ( E[ RMkt ] ? rf ) = 5 + 2. 11? 4 = 13. 4% alternatively rE = rf + ? E ( E[ RMkt ] ? rf ) = 5 + 1. 7 ? 4 = 11. 8% E D $128 $25 rE + rD = (11. 8%) ? (5%) = 13. 4% E+D E+D $103 $103 rwacc = 14-19. Indell stock has a current market value of $120 million and a beta of 1. 50. Indell currently has risk-free debt as well. The firm decides to change its capital structure by issuing $30 million in addit ional risk-free debt, and then using this $30 million plus another $10 million in cash to repurchase stock.With perfect capital markets, what will be the beta of Indell stock after this transaction? Indell increases its net debt by $40 million ($30 million in new debt + $10 million in cash paid out). Therefore, the value of its equity decreases to 120 – 40 = $80 million. If the debt is risk-free: D ? ?u ( E + D ) EV = ? u ? , ? = E? E E ? e = ? u ? 1 + ? ? where D is net debt, and EV is enterprise value . The only change in the equation is the value of equity. Therefore ? ‘ = ? e e E 120 = 1. 50 = 2. 25. E' 80 14-20. Yerba Industries is an all-equity firm whose stock has a beta of 1. and an expected return of 12. 5%. Suppose it issues new risk-free debt with a 5% yield and repurchases 40% of its stock. Assume perfect capital markets. a. What is the beta of Yerba stock after this transaction? b. What is the expected return of Yerba stock after this transaction? Suppose t hat prior to this transaction, Yerba expected earnings per share this coming year of $1. 50, with a forward P/E ratio (that is, the share price divided by the expected earnings for the coming year) of 14.  ©2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall Berk/DeMarzo †¢ Corporate Finance, Second Edition . 191 What is Yerba’s expected earnings per share after this transaction? Does this change benefit shareholders? Explain. d. What is Yerba’s forward P/E ratio after this transaction? Is this change in the P/E ratio reasonable? Explain. a. b. ?e = ? u (1 + d / e ) = 1. 2 ? 1 + ? ? 40 ? ?=2 60 ? 12. 5 ? 5 = 6. 25 ? re = 5 + 2 ( 6. 25) = 17. 5% from the CAPM, or 1. 2 re = r f + b rm ? r f ? rm ? r f = ( ) re = ru + d / e ( ru ? rd ) = 12. 5 + c. 40 (12. 5 ? 5) = 17. 5 60 p = 14 (1. 50 ) = $21 . Borrow 40%(21) = 8. 4, interest = 5%(8. 4) = 0. 42. Earnings = 1. 50 – 0. 42 = 1. 08, per share = . 08 = 1. 80. 0. 60 No benefit; risk is higher. The stock pr ice does not change. d. 14-21. PE = 21 = 11. 67 . It falls due to higher risk. 1. 80 You are CEO of a high-growth technology firm. You plan to raise $180 million to fund an expansion by issuing either new shares or new debt. With the expansion, you expect earnings next year of $24 million. The firm currently has 10 million shares outstanding, with a price of $90 per share. Assume perfect capital markets. a. If you raise the $180 million by selling new shares, what will the forecast for next year’s earnings per share be? b.If you raise the $180 million by issuing new debt with an interest rate of 5%, what will the forecast for next year’s earnings per share be? c. What is the firm’s forward P/E ratio (that is, the share price divided by the expected earnings for the coming year) if it issues equity? What is the firm’s forward P/E ratio if it issues debt? How can you explain the difference? a. Issue 180 = 2 million new shares ? 12 million shares outstanding . 90 24 = $2. 00 per share. 12 New EPS = b. Interest on new debt = 180 ? 5% = $9 million. The interest expense will reduce earnings to 24 – 9 15 = $1. 50 per share. $15 million. With 10 million shares outstanding, EPS = 10 By MM, share price is $90 in either case. PE ratio with equity issue is PE ratio with debt is $90 = 60 . 1. 50 90 = 45 . 2 c. The higher PE ratio is justified because with leverage, EPS will grow at a faster rate.  ©2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 192 14-22. Berk/DeMarzo †¢ Corporate Finance, Second Edition Zelnor, Inc. , is an all-equity firm with 100 million shares outstanding currently trading for $8. 50 per share. Suppose Zelnor decides to grant a total of 10 million new shares to employees as part of a new compensation plan.The firm argues that this new compensation plan will motivate employees and is a better strategy than giving salary bonuses because it will not cost the firm anything. a. If the new compensation plan has no effect on the value of Zelnor’s assets, what will be the share price of the stock once this plan is implemented? b. What is the cost of this plan for Zelnor’s investors? Why is issuing equity costly in this case? a. b. Assets = 850m. New shares = 110. ? price = 850 = $7. 73 110 Cost = 100(8. 50 – 7. 73) = 77 m = 10(7. 73). Issuing equity at below market price is costly.  ©2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall

Anglo American PLC in South Africa Essay

1. The pros would be: a) The early adoption strategy of ART can help the company to prevent and combat the spread of the disease not only on its workforce but also the populations of surrounding communities. This early initiative can also help to prevent further loss in operating expenses and declining workers’ productivity in the company. b) Anglo American became a de facto leader in the private-sector fight against HIV/AIDS in Africa. It also became a trendsetter for other MNEs to follow suit such as Coke, Ford, and Colgate-Palmolive. c) Received positive reactions and approval from WHO, the Global Business Council on HIV/AIDS, and a host of other NGOs. d) Became a socially responsible company in the global market. This comprehensive program reflects that Anglo American has a good intention on protecting the rights of infected workers. e) The program might have a bright future, as 95% have responded well to the treatment and are working productively. f) The gradual change in the South African government’s view towards HIV/AIDS can further on help Anglo American to combat this national wide epidemic issue of the disease. The cons would be: a) The company had to bear outrageous amount of operating costs to combat this issue, with an estimated $4,000 per employee when the company typically offers $830 for wages and benefits per employee. b) There is a 15% level of non-adherence from the workers who are enrolled in the program and due to harsh working conditions make it hard for workers to take medications on time or to deal with side effects. c) Pressures and oppositions from various constituencies such as the South African government, political leaders, and CEO Brian Gillbertson of BHP Billiton who all thought that the program was not efficient. South Africa’s prime minister uttered the initative as a â€Å"vigilante† move designed to place unreasonable burdens on the government. Recommendations: Anglo American should cut down on major costs to support the program in order prevent further waste of money since it can cost 7.2% of the company’s wage bill. Provide only to those who need to be treated and who can adhere to the program. Anglo American should also seek support from WHO and other international humanitarian organizations, and the South African government with the objective of a great cause for the South Africans. Also try to cooperate with pharmaceutical companies who can sell antiretroviral drugs at a subsidized rate. All of these actions should help maintain the image of the company in the global market. 2. Since migrant workers in South Africa account for about four-fifth of the total workforce, it would not be a strategic decision to adopt the policy of not hiring migrant workers. This policy can also have negative impacts on the company’s image, since it is a pretty discriminatory policy and can cause unequal treatments to workers. Therefore, Anglo American should still hire migrant workers because there are a lot of workers needed to work in the mine site. Switching policies regarding whom to hire will only further increase operating costs. 3. Pharmaceutical companies play a big role in responding to the HIV/AIDS epidemic in South Africa. Since GlaxoSmithKline can sell antiretroviral drugs to Anglo American at 1/10th of the market price in industrialized world, other pharmaceutical companies should be able to do so in order to safe the lives of millions of people. The South African government should cooperate with these pharmaceutical companies since the government itself has started implementing National Strategic Plan for combating HIV/AIDS. This will allow pharmaceutical companies to enter in B2B deals with the government and companies who care for their employees’ health. For the poor enforcement of patent rights, Pharmaceutical companies should enter into an agreement with the South African government that these rights will be protected otherwise cooperation between parties will not take place. There should be strict policies and courses of actions to tackle infringement of patent rights. Pharmaceutical companies should also invest more in R&D to create drugs for HIV/AIDS that can save the lives of people. 4. South African government should not 100% implement aggressive policies that were conducted in Brazil and Thailand mainly due to differences in political, economic, legal, cultural conditions, these policies might not work in South Africa (such as taking advantage of TRIPS agreement etc). Instead, the South African government should learn from these countries how to tackle the epidemic issues, relate the situations and implement some of the steps that might be feasible to implement in South Africa. Anglo American’s cooperation with GlaxoSmithKline purchasing life saving drugs at a reasonable price should encourage other pharmaceutical companies (especially MNEs) to join the program to fight against this epidemic disease.

Baldwin vs. Buckley essays

Baldwin vs. Buckley essays It is easy to look back with hindsight and know who was right and who was wrong. When I first started researching the debate, I came across an article written about the James Baldwin versus William Buckley debate by a teacher who said, History is always being swallowed by the present. We see it today with the same sex marriage, gun control oppositionist, the Patriot Act, nationalized healthcare, and to some extent, drug laws. There are people alive today who believed with conviction in the stance that William Buckley, Jr. stood for; even after Buckley publicly withdrew is defense against desegregation. History, as it stands, has a way of forgetting those details. Just as you may know some who voted against same sex marriage, background checks for gun ownership, and mandatory healthcare; you also may know someone who stood for segregation however odd it may sound. The fact is, the issues at hand today is no different than the issues America had tried to keep previously. The importance of Buckley vs. Baldwin wasnt just academic, it was cultural. When you watch the debate, you can see that 1965 sat the precipice of change. You see in the room that it wasnt just that Baldwin won; it was Buckley showed up already having lost. For someone in the present looking back at that debate, they would have to understand who Buckley was and where he had come from; as well as where Baldwin came from, who he was, and how he ended up in the debate. When you truly understand Baldwin and Buckley, you can truly understand why the debate vote was heavily one sided. Before graduating from DeWitt Clinton High School in the Bronx, Baldwin had already published numerous poems, short stories, and plays in magazines; as well as serving as a youth minister in a Harlem Pentecostal church. Yet, after graduating, he had to put his plans for college on hold to support his seven younger siblings, his mother, and his father &nd...

Strategic Management Essays

Strategic Management Essays Strategic Management Essay Strategic Management Essay Essay Topic: The Glass Castle As the textbook say: The positive view of strategy is concerned with the firms actual strategy and how it comes to be. The normative view, on the other hand, is concerned with what the firms strategy should be. Positive view is actual exist but normative view is opinion based. . How do you assess innovative capabilities in a business or corporation. Innovation capabilities can be defined as the comprehensive set Of heartsickness of an organization that facilitate and support innovation strategies. Innovative capabilities exist at the business unit and corporate (multi business) levels. Business unit level audit: Timing of market entry. Technological leadership or fellowship. Scope of innovativeness. Rate of innovativeness. Five important categories of variables influence the innovation strategies of a business: Resources available for innovative activity Capacity to understand competitors strategies and industry evolution with respect to innovation Capacity to understand technological developments elevate to the business unit. Structural and cultural context of the business unit affecting internal entrepreneurial behavior. Strategic management capacity to deal with internal entrepreneurial initiatives. Corporate level audit: In general, corporate level innovate capabilities can be characterized in terms of: The scope and rate of development of new products and services and production and delivery systems that are derived from combining innovative capabilities across existing business units. The scope and rate of new business development based on corporate R and technology development efforts. The timing of entry with respect to the previous two. Five categories of variables are considered for the corporate level audit: Resource availability and allocation. Virgin offers two mobile broadband tariffs (see Table 1). Its launch offering was a standalone package of BOB for GOBI 5 per month. It was followed shortly afterwards by the launch of a bundle of fixed and mobile broadband services, priced at either KBPS or GOBI more than the fixed broadband service on its own. No further tariffs have been introduced. Table 1: Virgin Medias mobile broadband tariffs [Source: Analyses Mason, 2009] Tariff Price Standalone Bundled Bandwidth cap Excess charge Contact length GOBI 5 BOB GUPPY per MOB 18 months KBPS or GOBI addition to fixed broadband price KGB 12 months The lower price is available to subscribers of higher-speed fixed broadband services. Virgins standalone offering is not differentiated from the competition However, there is little to differentiate Virgin Medias standalone offering from the competition: it is almost identical to the tariffs of the Auks five Moos, including those of its host, T- Mobile. All five Moos charge no more than Virgin for the same package, at GOBI 5 per month (see Table 2), and have offerings that are superior in several ways. For example, T-Mobile does not levy excess charges on its subscribers, which Virgin and the other four operators do. This gives T-Mobile an advantage in winning subscribers who want to be able to predict the of the size of their bill. Most of the other operators also offer a choice of contract lengths and prepaid tariffs; Virgin offers neither. T-Mobile offers four contract lengths (including a rolling contract) as well as prepaid accounts; Hutchison 36 1-J and Avoidance offer three (and prepaid) and 02 offers two (and prepaid). Only Orange is the same as Virgin in offering no choice at all. Table 2: I-J operators standalone mobile broadband offerings [Source: Analyses Mason, 2009] Operator Contract types/lengths offered Prepaid Rolling 12-month 24-month (18-month contract) 8 GOBI 5. 00 Virgin Media Modem price Excess charges? Free Yes Hutchison G 9 02 GUPPY. 69 Orange GUPPY. 68 T-Mobile No Avoidance Note: Introductory discounts, where applicable, have been spread over the duration of the contract to enable comparison. 1 12-month contract. Avoidance does not offer a rolling contract, but it has a powerful alternative in the form of its prepaid deal, which offers subscribers credit that lasts for six months, as compared with the more common one-month expiry limit for prepaid credit. L For further details, see Wheaton, M. Moos should priorities prepaid mobile broadband offers over rolling monthly contracts, Analyses Mason (Cambridge, 2009). O Analyses Mason Limited 2009 3 Virgin (and Orange) are therefore unable to address two key market segments, which comprise users who are: ; unwilling to commit to a contract either because they are new to mobile broadband, or for other reasons unlikely to view a contract as good value for money because their usage will be low or irregular. Hutchison 36, T-Mobile and Avoidance are able to address the needs of these customers, whereas Virgin (and Orange) are likely to struggle.

The position of Japanese women employees from post-bubble to now Essay

The position of Japanese women employees from post-bubble to now - Essay Example Laws that are against the discrimination of women and sexual harassment at work have been enacted to protect the rights of females in the workplace. According to Broadbent (2003), the number of females who worked in well paying jobs rapidly increased in the period between 1920 and 1980. The number of women at the workplace reached sixty percent for those women in the age bracket of between 25 and 64. In Japan, according to local traditions, men are expected to work in companies while women remain in the homes taking care of the family. The Position of Japanese Women Employees in the Post-Bubble era The bubble era in Japan lasted from 1986 to the February of 1991and it came with influx of exports and availability of capital as suggested by Tsutsui (2009). The post bubble era in Japan began in the 19991 due to the crashing of stock prices. Despite the ongoing significant changes in Japan, the traditional concept of â€Å"right† position for women and men in the society is still experienced in Japan. As a result of the growing modernization in Japan and the society’s change in traditional believes in the country, the number of working women has been rapidly increasing annually. As result the ratio of men to women in the workplace in the Japanese society has also increased. Although the almost half of employed population are women, they are still treated equally with men and thus there is a sense of discrimination against women. For instance, focusing on the end of the bubble era, female graduates had difficult times in securing jobs compared to the male graduates whom they had same qualifications. On the same case, even those who were lucky to secure employment, the offer could not be compared to that of the male graduates. The main issue in women employment in the Japanese society over the last decade is based on how they deal with a system that entrenched and institutionalized in the period of high growth. However the society also has to consider t hat the system is now invalid and needs an overhaul in the post-bubble era. In the post-bubble era, the female labor force decreased to almost 50.2% that is in 1994 from 50.7% in 1991 as suggested by Gunther (2009). Feminization in the employment sector was slightly decreasing. Despite the increasing women employment the era is characterized by women self employment and family employment. Women working on temporary basis in 1995 only received about sixty percent of the salaries received by men. The amount of salary for female workers was also dictated by their age. In the same year, the average number of working years for high compared to that of women. The underlying issues in Japan in the post-bubble era included non-regular system of labor as well as the predominant part-time workers. The major challenge was how to deal with these issues which mostly affected women. In this era, Japan’s emphasis is on the use of part-time female workers as the cost-cutting measure in the c orporate. Instead the country should use women employment as a way of improving the general employment sector or in a more constructive manner. Research has established it that companies were reluctant in appointing female workers to high positions of work. There was also the controversy that female workers were not engaged in promotional training and the male employees do not value women’s labor. In the post-bubble era, legislation like the Childcare leave of 1992 and the Family care leave of 1995 were

Biol Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Biol - Essay Example (Lipstadt 27) Lipstadt is a well-known researcher and historian with a Ph.D. and the professor of Modern Jewish and Holocaust Studies at Emory University. (Alumni, Lipstadt Ph.D.) What Dawkins is discussing is the inevitable progression of people from belief to disbelief to outright lies in the attempt to ignore what we know is true. He later makes the statement that evolution is fact not a theory and that there is a difference between the fact that is evolution and the theory of its journey (Dawkins, Ph.D. FRS, FRSL) Clearly the purpose of this book is to first discredit attempts to disprove evolutionary theory while providing a basis for his approach. It is my opinion that he does a credible job in his approach In continued reading it becomes apparent to me that he has done his research and his proofs abound. His clear delineations between the â€Å"fact† as he calls it and the â€Å"theory† of what drives it tend to be very convincing.

Case study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 117

Case Study Example The facility had always kept daily production records, but from what Helen could tell, no one ever consulted them or did anything with them other than to put them in file cabinets at the end of each reporting period. She thought that in principle she should be able to monitor production rates for the types of machines, identify any machines that seemed to be in need of adjustment, and characterize the amount of downtime to be expected. Accordingly, she extracted one days production records for 116 presses at her facility. The machines were scheduled for a shift of 7.75 hours each day. The operators recorded the hours of operation manually on clipboards kept near each machine. The actual quantities of parts produced were determined from automatic counters on the machines. The data on the next two pages (and in file PROD) were derived from these logs. Based on the statistics above, we can advise Jane for a machine type to be considered as being effective, it must be able to produce parts that are between 5084 and 320242 in number. The machine type must also be able to operate a minimum of 0.58 hours and a maximum of 7.75 hrs. From the statistics of central tendency, machine type 2 is the best for producing parts and also uses minimum time. When the press was down, machine type 2 is the best since it has the minimum standard

Human Trafficking Essay Example for Free

Human Trafficking Essay What is human trafficking ? It is the illegal trade or smuggling of human beings for forced labour. It’s the fastest growing criminal industry in the world and second largest after the drug trade. It differs from people smuggling. After reaching their ultimate destination, the smuggled people are usually free to do their own thing and find their own way in the country they have been smuggled into. However, in human trafficking, the victims are not permitted to do so. They are held against their will and are forced to work or be engaged in unlawful activities by the traffickers and others. The work may include anything from bonded or forced labour to sexual exploitation. Forced labour is a situation where the victims are compelled to work against their will, under the threat of violence or some other form of punishment. Their freedom is restricted and most often they are compelled to work in appalling conditions. Child labour which is in force interferes with the education of children and also affects their health and physical, mental, spiritual and social development. Most people think that trafficking occurs only in poor countries. It happens in many parts of the world and some of the countries to which these people are taken include America, Japan and Singapore. Many organisations and antitrafficking groups have come forward to prevent this from happening. The International Organisation for Migration, and the United Nations are just two organisations fighting to stop human trafficking. One of the best ways to stop or minimise human trafficking is to educate the public, especially the uneducated society in remote villages, about the dangers of human trafficking. The Government should impose stringent laws and take necessary steps to stop it. I would like to say: â€Å"Let’s fight together and stop human trafficking. †

Buddhism versus Bartleby the Scrivener Essay -- Buddha Religion Herman

Buddha Bartleby Buddhism is currently the fourth most popular religion in our society today, following Christianity, Islam, and Hinduism. Its major ideologies are based on the philosophies of Siddhartha Guatama, also known as â€Å"Buddha†, who began his teachings in 598 BCE at the age of 35, according to Buddhist texts. A Buddhist’s foremost aspiration is the obtainment of Bodhi, or enlightenment through meditation and Anapana-sati (awareness of the breath). Buddhism shares many ideologies with India’s Hinduism and Yoga such as non-harming, non-violence, and self-awareness. In many instances, people regard Buddhism as a way of life rather than a religion, for it has no clear belief in the idea of a God or Gods. Its structure is built upon a hierarchy much like Christianity where superior orders such as Lamas or the Dalai Lama are said to be chosen by nature through the process of reincarnation rather than by a council like Christianity’s Pope. Though these â€Å"higher level† Buddhists are rare (not everyone is a reincarnation of an ancient Buddhist â€Å"priest†), all are permitted to follow â€Å"The Middle Way† either as a Buddhist monk or the simple attendance of a weekly teaching session from time to time. Throughout the last few hundred years the Buddhist population has blossomed into a healthy 381,611,000 and over fifteen different sects including Zen, Mahayana, and Theravada. For decades scholars and writers have attempted to find the historical analogies and symbolic figures that created Herman Melville’s short story â€Å"Bartleby the Scrivener: A Story of Wall Street†. The story describes the setting of a small â€Å"law-copyists or scriveners† office on Wall Street and the unexpected arrival of an unknown character named Bartleby (Melville... ...ningful demise. So this Buddhistic view simply gives us an ideal understanding of Bartleby’s perplexing, meaningless actions and helps us realize that Bartleby might not be as crazy as he seems. He’s just trying to find his way†¦ Works Cited Melville, Herman. â€Å"Bartleby the Scrivener: A Story of Wall-Street.† Melville’s Short Novels: Authoritative Texts, Contexts, Criticism. Ed. Dan McCall. New York: Norton, 2002. 3-35. Franklin, H. Bruce. "Bartleby: The Ascetic's Advent." Melville's Short Novels: Authoritative Texts, Contexts, Criticism. Ed. Dan McCall. New York: Norton, 2002. 176-85. Sten, Christopher W. "Bartleby the Transcendentalist: Melville's Dead Letter to Emerson." Modern Language Quarterly 35 (1974): 30-44. Emerson, Ralph Waldo. â€Å"The Transcendentalist†. EmersonCentral. Nov. 27, 2007. .

Organizational Behavior – Jean Lewis at Staples Case Study

LDP1 July 17, 2007 The interchange between task behavior, relationship behavior, and follower readiness is the foundation of situational leadership. Different focus on relationship or task behavior is applied to followers on different readiness levels. Task behavior is the degree of detailed direction given by a leader to a follower or a group for them to perform a task. Included in these directions are specifics of the methodology to perform the task as well as the place and the parties involved.Relationship behavior is the grade of interaction between the leader and the follower or group. Readiness is the degree of willingness and capability that a follower demonstrates. â€Å"The two major components of readiness are ability and willingness† (Hersey, Blanchard, & Johnson, 2001) Ability is composed of the follower’s qualifications for a particular task. Hersey (2001) catalogs these qualifications as knowledge, skill and experience. Willingness is the level of confiden ce, commitment and motivation that someone shows.Willingness is not a personal attribute as it varies from a task to another. Confidence is the expressed belief that one is able to perform a task. The fact that an individual is confident does not necessarily make him capable of completing an assignment, as it is a mental state rather than a measure of skills. Commitment is an established dedication to undertake a responsibility, and motivation is the expressed desire to do it. Based on the degree of ability and willingness an individual can be classified into four levels of readiness as follows: R1 – Unable and UnwillingR2 – Unable but Willing R3 – Able but Unwilling R4 – Able and Willing R1 individuals do not have either the necessary level of skill or the commitment to perform a task. R2 individuals are not qualified, yet have the willingness to undertake the responsibility. R3 individuals have the ability to perform the task but are reluctant to execut e it. Finally, R4 individuals have the ability and the willingness to complete a task. The situational leadership model institutes four different leadership styles to pair with each of the four readiness levels.These styles are characterized by the different combinations of relationship and task behavior and are defined as follows: Style 1 or S1 – This style of leadership characterized by a high amount of task and low amount of relationship behavior should be used on individuals on the first level of readiness. It is also known as crisis leadership as it is a good practice on a critical situation when the leader doesn’t have the time to explain the â€Å"whys† of the objectives to the followers or research the readiness level of the group.For instance during a fire the fire department personnel is likely to use this type of leadership to evacuate a building. Style 2 or S2 – Typified by high levels of both, task and relationship behaviors, this style shoul d be used in individuals on the second level of readiness. These individuals lack the skills to complete a task, therefore a great deal of direction (task behavior) is needed. Since they are trying, it is important to encourage them to continue their progress (relationship behavior).Style 3 or S3 – Low task and high relationship behavior set this leadership style apart, and should be used on followers on readiness level 3. These individuals have the skill level necessary to complete a task, therefore high amounts of direction are unnecessary. However, since they are unwilling the leader must spend time participating in bilateral communication to encourage them and facilitate decision making. Style 4 or S4 – Characterized by low levels of both relationship and task behaviors. Hersey (2001) describes this leadership style as delegating.R4 individuals are able and willing to undertake a task, reducing the leader’s participation to monitoring progress. As we can see in this model, the readiness level of an individual is what determines the leadership style to be applied. Consequently, it is the follower and not the leader that establishes the leadership style. In her time at Staples, Jeanne Lewis applied different leadership styles to accommodate the different readiness levels of her employees. Until she started working in the marketing department she experienced different levels of rejection from her staff that translated into unwillingness.Jeanne describes her experience in operations as â€Å"managing a group of people who had ‘been there, done that’ for years. † And yet, she continues, â€Å"we had a situation where the stores weren’t performing well, and I had to tell them to make money and grow sales. †(Jeanne Lewis at Staples, Inc, 2001) From her words we can perceive that her staff was in a R1 readiness level. Unwilling because they did not think Jeanne had the experience necessary to run the departmen t, and unable at some level because the stores were not performing well.Jeanne used a S1 leadership style to match the readiness level of her staff. This leadership style, characterized by high task and relationship behavior, has been described as crisis leadership. Jeanne made many changes in the department in a short period of time, so abundant clear and concise direction was necessary. Also due to the reluctance of the operations staff, high levels of multi-way communication were needed. This leadership style is used to help followers advance in their readiness levels, and should only be used in times of crisis.We can presume from her direct report’s description of Jeanne’s management style that she did exactly that. â€Å"She tended to manage tightly at first,† he said, â€Å"then loosened the reins† I think it is safe to assume that her â€Å"loosening the reins†(Jeanne Lewis at Staples, Inc, 2001) was caused by an upwards variation of her sta ff’s readiness level which in turn we can attribute to her management style, and personal charm, and hard-working attitude to elevate follower’s willingness, and clear direction and new training programs to raise ability.A similar situation happened in merchandising. We can learn much of Lewis’ progression of management style by her report’s statement that â€Å"at first impression he worried that Lewis might be a micro-manager, but he soon realized that she liked to inspire dialog and debate to ensure that they dug deeply in their decision making† (Jeanne Lewis at Staples, Inc, 2001). We cannot discard that his first impression was correct, and it is not his erception of Jeanne’s personality that changed, but her management style. When Jeanne was transferred to the marketing department, she found a different situation. She found a talented staff, able and willing to do the job that was requested of them, so she took the passenger sit and le aded them using low task and low relationship behavior (S4). Much to her surprise the followers started experiencing a regressing in their readiness level, going from an able-and-willing group to an able-but-insecure state.Perhaps the distress of the failed merger caused the insecurity. Jeanne needed to adjust her leadership style to include more participation and multi-directional communication (relationship behavior), but running between floors and â€Å"changing hats† all the time did not leave her enough time thus she insisted that her replacement in merchandising be appointed in order to free her schedule. I think Jeanne Lewis is a perfect example of a situational manager.During the whole time I spent reading the case study I could not help but see how she adjusted her management style precisely as the situation required it. Works Cited: Hersey, P. , Blanchard, K. H. , & Johnson, D. E. (2001). Management of organizational behavior: Leading human resources (8th ed. ). New Jersey: Prentice Hall. Pp. 171-203. Suesse, J. M. (2000). Jeanne Lewis at Staples, Inc. (A) (Abridged). Boston: Harvard Business School Publishing. Pp. 1-14 (78-91).