Better Work Life Balance Survey in Ncc Bank Limited Essay

This report provides an overview of different types of work-life balance initiatives that have been developed by in the financial institutions of Bangladesh. Governments are increasingly committed to reducing the social, health and business costs of work-life conflict. Several countries have adopted individual pieces of legislation or policies that address some aspect of work-life balance. These initiatives are not necessarily part of a comprehensive program or policy approach to achieve work-life balance, but these measures could be seen as one way to improve an employee’s balance between work and other responsibilities. This report shows that there is not likely to be any â€Å"one size fits all† answer to work-life balance issues. A variety of approaches are available to support work-life balance, ranging from promotional programs that emphasize the importance of balance and provide support to employers to reduce the business costs associated with work-life conflict, to legislation that supports parents with care giving responsibilities. It is clear that improving work-life balance is an important component of the policy agenda for many industrial countries, and the issue is likely to become even more important in the future. The first Work-Life Balance Survey (WLB1) was conducted by the Department for Education and Employment in 2000 to assess the extent to which employers operated work life balance practices; to see whether employees felt that existing practices met their needs; and to provide a baseline against which future surveys could be compared. Changes were made in the survey’s methodology between the first baseline study conducted by IFF and the second survey of employees (WLB2) conducted in 2003 by MORI, and fieldwork for the 3 Second survey was conducted prior to the introduction of the right to request flexible working. This report presents the results of the Third Work-Life Balance Employees’ Survey, conducted by telephone in early 2006. Work-life balance is a phrase used to describe an individual’s feelings of satisfaction with the participation in job-related activities and his or her personal life. This state is achieved when an individual feels the amount of time spent making money to provide for one’s household and advancing career goals is adequately balanced with the amount of time spent in independent and personal pursuits, such as friendships, family, spirituality, hobbies, and leisure activities. Failure to maintain work-life balance may result in significant emotional distress and reduction of productivity. In many cases, spending more time at work may actually lead to a decrease in productivity. Some individuals feel that their workplace creates too many pressures to maintain a work/life balance, and they may feel a reduction in their feelings of satisfaction and enjoyment of life. Some individuals feel as if there is not enough time for other aspects of life 1. INTRODUCTION: 1. 1. Introduction to the topic: Work-life balance is a broad concept including proper prioritizing between â€Å"work† (career and ambition) on one hand and â€Å"life† (pleasure, leisure, family and spiritual development) on the other. Related, though broader, terms include â€Å"lifestyle balance† and â€Å"life balance†. In general, individuals who work more than 60 hours per week are colloquially called workaholics. The phrase â€Å"workaholic† became popular in 1971 when Wayne Oates published the book, â€Å"Confessions of a Workaholic. † The phrase â€Å"workaholic† is not a clinical term, but it is generally used to describe individuals who neglect their personal lives in favor of work- and career-related pursuits. The phrase â€Å"work-life balance† became popular as a managerial concept when employers realized that their workers demonstrated increased productivity, decreased turnover, and dedication to the company when the concept was observed and respected.

History of Art Music Essay

The change of phase from Baroque to Classical occurred in Europe between 1600 and 1750 had significantly affected music ideologies and expressions. During the Baroque period where counterparts and highly melodic structures of polyphonic sounds are employed, the classical period, on the other hand, utilized the effects of instrumental and solo-work in certain musical instruments especially on the piano and other keyboard instruments.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The clavichords and harpsichords, which precede the pianoforte and the modern pianos today, have made a significant impact on the quality and type of music produced during and between their inventions. These inventions and their further utilization were realized during the Baroque to Classical periods. For instance, the clavichord that was usually played alone in gatherings had been largely replaced by a harpsichord, which sounds like much similar to our modern piano—these instruments were essentially key players in genres and music prototypes in those eras. ROLES OF KEYBOARDISTS During the baroque period two genres emerged: sonata de chiesa (church sonata) and sonata de camera (chamber sonata). Since sonatas are usually accompanied by any string instrument such as viol ( a predecessor of violin), or cello, other keyboard instruments such as harpsichords can be seen in certain chambers. Thus, solo players or part players, as mentioned earlier can be variably noticed in musical audiences.   The basso continuo, where the melody is commonly accompanied by varied harmonies, was perfected. This is when; harpsichordists came into play, usually to improvise such harmonies and melodies. Yet, the roles of keyboardists were secondary than primary. Cellos, viols, violins or more frequently the lute or flure were the accompanying instruments in this basso continuos. Chamber music is not the predominant work field of the keyboard. Unlike in church music where, organ, as the major instrument, played significant parts in masses, services and the church music itself; harpsichords were not usually used.   As seen in the illustration below the common melody employed was realized higher notes or other forms rather than keyboard pieces. Perhaps, the non-use of this instrument in many basso continuous can be attributed to the thick texture and complex sound of other keyboards such as the organ. The Harpsichords and Clavichords are also somewhat polyphonic in effect with the sounds of strings on its mechanisms. Below is the sample where, a flute was used in a composition, Badinerie Suite no. 2 typifies this. The dawn of chordophones such as clavichords and harpsichord forced the early keyboardists to play using the available sounds and dynamics that early chordophones provide. The early harpsichordists or clavichordists usually lack the intensity in dynamics since, the pedals and the strings were almost heavy and no effect on dynamic structure can be totally and artistically achieved. Thus, playing the harpsichord or clavichord became a solo-piece performance (it was even considered house furniture), usually in homes of the elite rather than including the instrument in large ensembles (Burrows, 2006).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The pianoforte, the father of the modern piano, had changed the way keyboard is played. The piano was used in ensembles that coordinate with the total harmony and polyphonic strength of the ensemble. While, pianoforte pieces were supported by strings to achieve the artistic expressions of a certain period, the keyboardists during the baroque era had not explored much on the variety and musical potentials of the piano.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The pipe organs, much popularly used in chapels and cathedrals were widely used but keyboardists using the organ, singly played the instrument. Consequently, the player usually employs himself in the church as organist than joining an ensemble. This made the organ almost a single instrument played than adjoining it in an orchestra.   The reason for this is rather physical than musical. Organs, especially the pipe organs are attached to large balconies of churches than other handy instruments in an orchestra. The bulk structure cannot be of use to courts where symphonies were usually arranged. On the textural aspect, organs are somewhat polyphonically sounding with trains of sounds verging simultaneously; thus if included in an orchestra   it will greatly affect the harmony and cadence in an orchestra play. It can be very much assumed that keyboard players assume the role of a single player than a team player musician in an ensemble.   One major and leading keyboardists and vocal master is Johann Sebastian Bach. His operas and organ work largely determined the success of keyboard playing. Later, his works on the organ for instance â€Å"Toccata in F, from BWW 540† is one great example of recitative expression of a single instrument—that in organ. This work exemplifies that during his period—the baroque, where he flourished, the use of single-man keyboard playing was a typical role. In fact in compositions in early baroque, employed only parts for keyboards in sonatas, especially those of Scarletti. However, the latter employed much of strings than keyboards. The keyboardist in the baroque period usually plays as a part-player or a contributor to achieve the musical piece requirement such as solos in ornate baroque orchestral compositions. But since, baroque music typifies the grand structures even in melodies, the assumption of keyboardists are largely in parts than seen doing solos. During the middle of the baroque period, operas were in its foundational stage, and in ensembles, keyboards played secondary roles to the grand operas being established that time. Thus, this contributed to the less prominence in compositions and focus on keyboard instruments, much less to the keyboardists.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The use of keyboards in more symbolic and serious music was not contemplated; in fact, harpsichords were used in dances during its invention. Francois Couperin is one of those leading keyboardists who effusively experimented keyboards in his compositions, â€Å"Ordres†. This has become the structural base of certain French dances, commonly played in German and English settings. CHANGES IN KEYBOARDS: PIANOS Cristoforis and harpsichords are the early versions of keyboards. While many keyboards exist during the baroque period, chordophones such as pianos, were the only significant instruments that had gained certain prominence. Fortepianos, a prototype of the modern piano today had not made any significant contribution to the world of keyboard playing, since it was immediately replaced by a more complex sounding-machine—the modern piano. Modern pianos were only invented during the early mid-baroque periods, thus compositions for the single piano and pianos with orchestras are usually not common. The early musicians such as Handel, for instance, never really explored keyboards because during his time pianos and other forms of keyboards were not the main instrument in musical scenarios. Instead, classical and dramatic polyphonic structures of vocal prowess were extensively used to maximize the tonal harmony and musicality. Notice that, while the keys are almost the same, musical effe cts are different. Clavichords in many respects are totally different in mechanism, in comparison with the sound of harpsichords. And the latter, has a very distinctive sound than that of a modern piano. Carl Philippe Bach is one who used clavichord sufficiently, slightly deviating from his father Johann Sebastian Bach, who revolutionized the artistic and harmonic sensitivities of an organ.   Francois Couperin, on the other hand, a great French musician and keyboardist influenced the use of harpsichords to the latter piano masters in integrating the playfulness of keyboard keys.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The great virtuosos such as Mozart, Haydn and Beethoven used in number of scores piano pieces to show their musical artistry. But only the modern piano, because of its complexity and ability to be bent on musical artistry and be confined in musical elements, received much recognition and acceptance. This later on leads to development and creation of various musical compositions exclusively for the piano. Chopin, Dvorak became household names for the use of virtuostic piano effects and melodies.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The early physical developments of keyboards have dampened, for some time, or even stunted the growth of texture and sustaining power of piano music during its early invention. As noticed, clavichords or harpsichords do not have many pedals on them to sustain sounds in longer time periods, as it is required. Thus, fewer sustaining effect on the melody can be heard from an early pianoforte, compared to the modern pianos nowadays. A notable comment was given by Charles Rosen: â€Å"Instrumental changes since the eighteenth century have made a problem out of the balance of sound in †¦ all chamber music with piano†¦.The piano, in turn, has become louder, richer, even mushier in sound, and, above all, less wiry and metallic. This change makes nonsense out of all those passages in eighteenth-century music where the violin and the piano play the same melody in thirds, with the violin below the piano. Both the piano and the violin are now louder, but the piano is less piercing, the violin more. Violinists today have to make an effort of self-sacrifice to allow the piano to sing out softly †¦ The thinner sound of the violin in Haydn’s day blended more easily with the metallic sonority of the contemporary piano and made it possible for each to accompany the other without strain.†Ã‚   (Rosen 1997, The Classical style, p. 353) ADAPTION OF COMPOSITIONS DURING THE CHANGES   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Perhaps the greatest adaptation of musicians during the changes in keyboard structure and sound quality is the creation of solo work for keyboards. Sonatas were created that clearly emulsified the sound of singe instruments such as pianos. For instance, Haydn made numerous piano sonatas, total of sixty-two to exemplify the work on piano. However, earlier keyboard sonatas, particularly for the organ by Johann Kuhnau were created to give life to the single instruments. The changing physical features of the piano and other keyboard instruments had made the piano an isolated musical instrument. However, sonatas and concertos for the piano never end, Bach in Part II of the Well-Tempered Clavier (BWV 870-893), is one such example that though keyboards like organs were not part of chamber music, expressed that keyboard music can be complete in itself. Isolation of these instruments had been one of the solutions as form of adaptation to the physical changes.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The changes in sounds and quality had pushed several composers not to consider the keyboards in many of symphonies and compositions with orchestra. Concertos however were created also especially for organs, pianos, harpsichords to adopt and singly bring out the best music of such instruments without compromising the quality of the orchestra in general. The general temperaments in music and its complexities also greatly changed with the improvisations of sounds and experiments done by musical geniuses. Bach made several attempts to adapt the keyboard to the changing times of baroque to classical.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The diminishment of counterpoint and polyphonic structures as discussed was the central figure of baroque music which was partly decreased in use during the classical period, made also serious effects on keyboard music. The monodic forms, where keyboards are only accompaniments, placed the players on the background rather than the forefront of musical scene.   While Gluck, Bach, Haydn and other late baroque composers have significantly made contributions to the prominence of the keyboard music such as harpsichords, clavichords, organs and pianos. Only the classical era made the first giant leap to put to pedestal keyboard instruments particularly the piano (Rosen, 2002). This can be attributed because during the baroque period, keyboards had not yet been perfected. Later,   great masters such as Chopin, Dvorak, Lizst and Debussy of the Classical era elevated the piano and other keyboard instruments to the level of the elite harmonic quality, and explored the endless possibilities of this instrument. WORKS CITED and PICTURE CREDITS. Good, E. (1982) Girrafes, Black Cragons, and other Pianos: A Technoligical History from Cristofori to the Modern Grand. Stanford, CA. Standforn University Press Hanning, B.R. (2002) A Concise History of Western Music (2nd edition). New York: W.W. Norton & Co. Rosen, C. (1997) The Classical Style, 2nd ed. New York: Norton. Baroque Period. Wikipeda, Free Encyclopedia, from Wikipeda Online. Retrieved May 10, 2007 from Encarta Encyclopedia, 2006. J. S. Bach’s Badinerie Suite No. 2 (sample score). Encarta Encyclopedia, 2006. Clavichord photograph by H. Deutsch. Encarta Encyclopedia 2006. Harpsichord photograph by Encarta (photograph credits cited above) Wikipeda Free Encyclopedia. Photograph and outprint source of Well-Tempered Clavier, credits cited above. Encarta Encyclopedia, 2006. J. S. Bach’s Badinerie Suite No. 2 (sample score). Rosen, C. (2002) Beethoven’s Piano Sonatas: A Short Companion. New Haven: Yale University. Burrows. Baroque Music. Encarta Encyclopedia. USA: Encarta History of Music and Piano. Wikipeda Free Encycolpedia, from Wikipeda Online, retrieved May 10, 2007,website:< http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piano_history_and_musical_performance†>   

Leni Riefenstahl Essay

Some people are swept along by events. Some individuals use events to advantage. How accurate is this statement in relation to the personality you have studied? â€Å"Leni Riefenstahl exploits events and other people to serve her own egotistical, obsessive and selfish ambition. † Leni Riefenstahl was born on the 22nd of August 1902 in Berlin. Her full name was Helene Amalie Bertha Riefenstahl. She accomplished a lot during her 101 years of living. She had successful careers as a dancer, actress, director, producer, editor, photographer, author, and mountain climber, as well as one of the world’s oldest active scuba divers. Furthermore, she has been induced as one of The 100 Most Influential Women of All Time. However her accomplishments will always be frowned upon given her association with Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party. Riefenstahl had been known to edit scenes from her life, alter details and omit events to suit her purposes. She did this so others would see her as flawless. This has been proven by her quote â€Å"reality doesn’t interest me†. When considering the above thesis statement, 2 differing perspectives arise. The first supports the thesis and is that Riefenstahl was so driven to be worldly famous and recognised that she didn’t care what the cost. The second objects the thesis and is that Riefenstahl could not have possibly predicted the purpose and effects of her films, or Hitler’s intentions for world domination. An historian who supports the first perspective is Steven Bach. In ‘The life and work of Leni Riefenstahl’ he argues that Riefenstahl was obsessed with her career and moulding her image, and that these things are the keys to understanding her behaviour throughout her life. He believes she knew more about Nazism than she would have liked people to believe. An historian who supports the second view is Audrey Salkeld. In ‘A portrait of Leni Riefenstahl’ she argues that much of the condemnation of Riefenstahl came from hindsight. According to Salkeld, Riefenstahl could not have known of the horrors that occurred under Nazism. Three influential events during Riefenstahl’s lifetime that create debate in relation to the thesis are; the direction of â€Å"Tiefland†, The Nuremburg rallies movies (Victory of faith, and Triumph of the will), and her documentary of the Berlin Olympics (Olympia). Tiefland Tiefland is a 1954 film that Leni Riefenstahl scripted, directed, starred in, and edited. She began developing the script in 1934, and shot the movie between 1940 and 1944. The film, however, was not completed by the end of World War II and eventually was finalized and released on February 11, 1954. The film was set in Spain, and so Riefenstahl needed people who looked of Spanish decent to play extras in the film. She cast a group of gypsies that were being held in a camp. These Gypsies were destined for Auschwitz, and many that appeared in the film were later murdered in concentration camps. Riefenstahl’s decision to use these extras formulates a debate. It again links back to the thesis and the points of views which arise from it. One perspective is in support of the thesis and is that Riefenstahl used the Gypsies inhumanly or immorally as she knew of their destiny, but used them anyway to create some sort of realism or authenticity to her film. Steven Bach is in support of this perspective and points out in his feature document ‘The puzzle of Leni Riefenstahl’, that Riefenstahl had publicly claimed to have seen ‘all the Gypsies who worked on Tiefland after the war. Nothing happened to a single one of them’. However, this is not true. In reality, of 48 Gypsies who can be documented, 20 died in Nazi concentration camps, most of them in Auschwitz to which they were transported almost directly from the film set. The other perspective objects to the thesis and is that Riefenstahl had no choice in using the Gypsies as extras and the decision to use them was that of the SS and was out of her control. It also says that Riefenstahl did not know of their destiny. This perspective is supported by the fact that after the war, in 1949, the tribunal that investigated Riefenstahl’s activities during the war declared she was innocent. The court stated that although there were rumours that Leni Riefenstahl used Gypsies from concentration camps for her film Tiefland,  ¬and that most of them had been killed in gas chambers, the judges found no reason to believe this and Riefenstahl was acquitted for this point once and forever. However, no gypsy who had served as an extra was present at that time in the court and with time some started to talk. Indeed, there were few survivors; many stated that family members who had played in the film had been gassed in Auschwitz shortly after having worked with Riefenstahl. The Nuremburg Rallies Films Victory of Faith was the first documentary film Leni Riefenstahl directed. She was hired despite opposition from Nazi officials who resented employing a woman and a non-Party member for that matter. Her film recounts the Fifth Party Rally of the Nazi Party, which occurred in Nuremberg from 30 August to 3 September 1933. Triumph of the Will was the other Nuremburg rally propaganda film made by Leni Riefenstahl. It chronicles the 1934 Nazi Party Congress in Nuremberg. The film contains excerpts from speeches given by various Nazi leaders at the Congress, most notably, portions of speeches by Adolf Hitler. The central theme of the film is the return of Germany as a great power, with Hitler as the True German Leader who will bring glory to the nation. Triumph of the Will was released in 1935 and rapidly became one of the best-known examples of propaganda in film history. After many years of people viewing the two Nuremburg rally movies ‘Victory of Faith and Triumph of the will’, two perspectives arise in relation to Riefenstahl’s contribution and purpose. The first perspective, which supports the thesis, is that Riefenstahl created the films knowing of their propaganda intent and potential. She took advantage of the success and popularity of the Nazis at the time, and willingly and purposely created the propaganda films to further her credentials as a film maker and to make her name well known. Author Ken Webb is in support of this perspective and in his book ‘Leni Riefenstahl 1902-2003’ (part of the ‘everything you wanted to know about†¦ but were to afraid to ask’ series. ) makes the argument that, â€Å"Riefenstahl’s film was a clear promotion of the Fuhrer Cult. A major piece of Nazi propaganda was the presentation of Hitler as a special kind of leader, capable of ending the depression, restoring German pride and leading the country into a great future. The film’s only star is Hitler. His adoring fans are there to merely worship and stare in reverential awe. The other perspective that emerges, objects to the thesis, and is that the films were not made under the intentions for Nazi propaganda, but rather just brilliant documentaries with skilful camera and film techniques that inspired people. Audrey Salkeld is in support of this view and argues that it is unfair to judge Riefenstahl through the benefit of hindsight. In 1934, no-one knew that Hitler’s regime would kill 6 million people. Riefenstahl’s films say next to nothing about racist dogma and political persecution, and Salkeld argues that it is because the rally did not do this. Salkeld also refers to Riefenstahl’s statement in Ray Muller’s 1993 film that ‘Triumph of the will’ could not be propaganda because there was no commentary telling people what to think. However, this only means that the pictures speak for themselves, and what do they say? Well according to Salkeld â€Å"She may not have set out to glorify Hitler†¦ but her feelings for him at the time were so worshipful that she could portray him only through the shining eyes of admiration†¦ the Fuhrer represented†¦ this is what she filmed. † Olympia  The International Olympic Committee granted Berlin the 1936 Olympic Games in 1931. When Hitler became chancellor in January 1933, his initial reaction was to condemn the Olympic Games as an evil invention by Jews. The minister of propaganda and enlightenment, Josef Goebbels, however convinced and informed Hitler of the media potential, and the chance to advertise to the world the successes of the new Nazi regime. This lead to the birth and was the basis of Riefenstahl’s sports documentary/propaganda film ‘Olympia,’ which premiered in Berlin on the 20th of April 1938. Like Riefenstahl’s other documentaries under the Nazi regime, this one strikes debate whether it was propaganda for Nazi ideology, or just another innocent documentary which others interpreted it as propaganda. The perspective that ‘Olympia’ was no doubt a piece of Nazi propaganda is in support of the thesis as it debates that Riefenstahl compromised her moral integrity for her own benefits and successes. Author Ken Webb is in support of this view and in his book ‘Leni Riefenstahl 1902-2003’ (part of the ‘everything you wanted to know about†¦ ut were to afraid to ask’ series. ) makes the argument that, ‘ despite its technical brilliance, it was really nothing more than a piece of Nazi propaganda. The aim of the film was to present the essence of the Nazi message, which was the primacy of race. ’ The point of view that it was just another documentary, maintains that it was just a film trying to capture the essence of Aryan superiority and the beauty of the human race. This view is in contrast to the thesis. Rainer Rother is one who believes that the film is not of Nazi propaganda. He argues that the â€Å"fascist aspects of Riefenstahl’s films do not necessarily conform to the definition of fascist art as, above all, ‘a utopian aesthetics’ – that of physical perfection. † Rother challenges the view that the film is fascist art. He claims that although Riefenstahl definitely celebrates beauty and athleticism, he then asks, that don’t the images appear too smooth? He then argues that the images as a result of being ‘too smooth’ suppress any actual effort. He questions â€Å"Can Riefenstahl’s films really contribute much to the ideologization of events which are already empathically ideological in their own right†? In rebut to the above argument, indeed the idea of the filming was to capture the beauty of the human race, and this was the prime force behind the Nazi regime. Further evidence to rebut the argument in the previous paragraph, is that the financing of her film came under the control of Goebbels’ propaganda ministry. Therefore, it makes no sense that the Nazis would give Riefenstahl 1. 5 million marks to finance a film, unless the film was for Nazi purposes, which was to create a propaganda film for them.

Business Models and Planning Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Business Models and Planning - Essay Example In this business; picking unused and old clothes, the daily operation includes creating awareness to the majority within the surrounding region of the business. The awareness will enhance the collection since people will see the essence of disposing of the clothes in a more fashionable way where they benefit from the entrepreneur who collects the clothes. In terms of equipment, those that are assigned to collect the clothes are equipped with enough storage materials and effective means of transport that helps in transporting the clothes from long distant places. Business operations involve the different process for effective management and daily operations for the success of the business (Greasley, 1999, p. 1). The process of collecting clothes starts from the point of notification to the surrounding residents where the activity will be conducted. Clothes are given in exchange for money for those who wish to sell theirs. However, since the business involve value addition to the collected clothes; the price for purchasing used or old clothes is relatively low compared to the normal price in the market. The business main activity is collecting old and unused clothes. The materials (clothes) are acquired from the neighboring residents and sometimes from different places. The method of acquisition is in line with the regulations of federal policies especially on the environmental issues. The clothes are collected from various collection points placed by the company under the management of different agents of the company. Since the business is associated with bulky jobs and many operations, the company gives the contract to some service providers to carry out the exercise on behalf of the company. Outsourcing the work to a service provider has added advantage especially to quality service provision. There are different techniques that the company can use to produce quality product, but, in this case, line production and continuous flow production will

Initial topic proposal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Initial topic proposal - Essay Example It is so bad that the ethnic difference itself becomes a cause of conflict because unidimensional and simplistic presentation of conflict between ethnic groups. This topic is important because the negative representation of the minority groups is the major source of conflict between ethnic groups. Moreover, media as the societal mirror play an important role in shaping social functions of the society, as well as the perception of the public towards several issues. In addition, portrayal of diversity in media programs make the public develop a positive attitude towards the minority groups while misrepresentation and underrepresentation lead to a negative attitude towards the minority groups. Racial profiling is an enduring culture since the days of our ancestors that has dominated the social society to date. This means that several elements of the society including media are widely influenced by racial profiling. In a The Criminalisation of Ethnic Groups: An Issue for Media Analysis, Marcello Maneri  &  Jessika ter Wal (2005) reveal the composition of newsrooms reflect on an unequal distribution of power between the White majority and the Black minority. This prejudice and discrimination within the newsrooms produce the stereotyped portrayals of racial groups in the media. In another article titled A Long Way to Go: Minorities and the Media, the author expands on the view that media is the number one teacher of stereotype in the community whether intentional or unintentional (Cort, 2011). The media has a powerful image on the public, and thus, the image they portray of the minority groups is what other people in indirect contact with this group take to be true. Furt hermore, he notes that depicting the minority groups negatively by the media has driven them to create their own shows, magazines, radio, newspapers, and television shows where they can

Generation of electricity using Biomass in Nova scotia, Canada Term Paper

Generation of electricity using Biomass in Nova scotia, Canada - Term Paper Example People are deeply at odds over the proposal, for many support this idea when some others question the viability and sustainability of this project. Evidences suggest that today many countries are successfully generating electricity from biomass to resolve their electricity crises. Referring to the shortcomings of other major electricity generation techniques and the available resources of Nova Scotia, it can be argued that electricity generation from biomass will be a potential proposal for the region. This paper will discuss why Nova Scotia must generate electricity from biomass to meet its power needs and to make electricity cost affordable to its people. 2. Discussion 2:1. Potentiality of generating electricity from biomass â€Å"Biomass is biological material derived from living, or recently living organisms† (Biomass Energy Centre). Biomass is a broader term that represents diverse fuels derived from agriculture and food wastes and timber. Sewage sludge and animal manure may also form biomass fuel whereas it is also derived from trees. Considering the regeneration capacity of trees, it seems that biomass fuels are renewable. In the context of rapidly deteriorating non-renewable energy resources, the biomass fuels have a vital role to play in the electricity generation. ... Currently, lumber or other wood wastes are burnt in most biomass power plants. According to Augustine and Bockenhauer, in direct combustion power plants, biomass fuel is burnt direct in boilers which in turn provide steam for steam-electric generators. Under the biomass gasification process, biomass is initially converted into methane which is capable of fuelling steam generators, fuel cells, and combustion turbines. The major benefit of biomass gasification over direct combustion is that â€Å"extracted gasses can be used in a variety of power plant configurations† (Power Scorecard). The major argument against biomass fuelled power plants is that they cause air emissions. Although this argument is valid and has many environmental reasons to justify, it is not sufficient to abandon the concept of biomass fuelled electricity. Air emissions can be reduced by carefully choosing fuel and technology. There is a common perception that electricity generated using renewable technologi es is more expensive than the electricity generated from fossil fuels. Although it may be true in the case of wind energy and solar energy, electricity generation using biomass is cost-effective. In addition, this technique is considered to be greenhouse neutral. This feature is really advantageous in the context of current global warming and climate change issues. According to the findings of US Energy Information Administration, biomass fuelled power plants assist the agriculture industry to solve waste disposal problems. In terms of availability, biomass is better than other renewable technologies such as solar energy. Since biomass is easy to convert into high energy portable fuel forms like gas or alcohol, electricity can be easily generated from biomass without the application of

Virginia Employment Laws Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Virginia Employment Laws - Essay Example Hiring professionals or other workers from foreign countries is always an option for management of human resources but t is always within the bounds of government policies and quotas provided by the governments of nations. For instance, the United States government and congress has always been revising its immigrant workers quota numbers from the year 1988 in order to favor employers and industries that need such workers. In the year 1998, the quota number was at 65000, which was further revised upwards to 115000 in the year 1999, and later to 195000 when the government went to the press seeking to revise the quota in order to benefit in this option of hiring of employees from other countries (Virginia Department of Labor and Industry, 2012). Many firms always opt for hiring foreign sourced workers in order to gain competitive advantage. There are many aspects to foreign employee hiring; for instance, some of these employees come cheaper than the domestic based employees in the same industry. Every immigrant program has its advantages and disadvantages. Hiring of foreign professionals, nonetheless, comes with its fair share of issues and challenges. It is not as costless as many people would think it is. This option always raises strategic issues on all levels of management in an organization. Among the issues that managers have to deal with when hiring foreign sourced employees or workers is the fact that the managers have to ensure that these employees have the right visas for the positions they have been sourced to take in the organizations (HG Experts, 2012). The United States of America has seen the number of immigrants into its borders increase as many people from various countries in the world go to America to seek better lives for themselves and for their families (West & Bogumil, 2012). These workers bring a lot to the American economy just like other employees in America. Immigrant workers are hard workers and also boost the purchasing power; which co nsequently leads to a boost to the economy of the country. Over the years immigrants have faced oppressive, exploitative, as well as deprived conditions in the places of work in the United States. Most of them are paid very low wages, and often have very little potential to advance in their jobs; let alone the potential for fulfillment. Additionally, these workers are faced with very hazardous working conditions. As a result of these conditions, therefore, the state of Virginia has come up with state laws to govern the way employees are treated within the state. To begin with, Virginia has the Virginia Payment of Wages laws which employers are required to go by in paying their employees; whether they are citizens or foreigners. Under this wage law, the employers are required to establish regular rates of pay, as well as payment dates (Virginia Department of Labor and Industry, 2012). All employees have to be paid their full wages and salaries as well. However, the employers are not bound by law to pay such benefits as holiday, sick, and vacation payments to their employees. Additionally, the employers are not allowed to make deductions on the employees’ pay in order to make payments like taxes and so on. Secondly, there is the Virginia Minimum Wage Act which applies to all employers who do

Play and Pedagogy (Early Childhood Education) Assignment

Play and Pedagogy (Early Childhood Education) - Assignment Example What is a curriculum, do we really grasp its meaning, or have we mistaken it for some other related terms Now is the time to know. 'Curriculum' came from the Latin word 'curere' which literally means 'to run'. In educational context, it is 'the course of the race'. As the word evolves, it has now come to mean 'the course of study.' (Wikipedia,2008 )A 'curriculum' is the sum total of all learning activities, content, experiences and resources that are deliberately chosen organized in such a way that learning is maximized and goals are achieved. Therefore, a curriculum is not only a plan for what will happen in the classroom but also a long ranged scheme of the events, activities and practices to achieve the total learning goal set at the start of school year. As much as spontaneous learning is encouraged in preschool, there should a set of learning priorities to be followed. It is important that learning is well planned, suited for the age and physical development of the child, as well as the physical set up of the school. Each school varies in physical and temporal set ups, learning goals, resources and many others; it is vital to program activities around available resources (but not limited to), weather conditions, environment, people and routines. These factors are adjusted to suit the individual and communal needs of the learners to achieve the ultimate goal set by the school. (Zaslow,1991) "Children in well run program acquire a wide range of social skills and become more competent as a result of their frequent interactions with other children." Curriculum Planning Guide When planning a curriculum, there are many things to consider. Carefully think about the following elements when planning: Age appropriateness. Consider the ages of the students involved in the program and organize activities suited to their developmental growth. Individual appropriateness. Children, though of the same age level has different developmental speed or ability. One can distinguish a symbol faster than the other; consider the individual differences and plan activities wherein all children can participate. Family and Culture. Plan activities with respect to individual family and cultures. Do not discriminate, alienate or make fun of differences. Transition periods. Transitions are times that occur between activities; a good maneuvering technique should be developed in order to maximize transition period. Teacher values. What the teacher believes in is also an integral part of the curriculum. What are her interests, personal philosophies and

Comparing two non fiction texts (comparing two texts on travel) Coursework

Comparing two non fiction texts (comparing two texts on travel) - Coursework Example In the last paragraph, the author has posed a challenge to the coach operators to ensure the quality of services which are rendered at the hotels where the food and lodging is arranged. This clearly suggests that the author intends to warn the operators to be careful on their quality of service. However, the text also speaks to the tourists who are planning their holidays. By directly targeting the operators, the author is successful in communicating to a larger audience by advising them to make a smart choice. The author has creatively used a language which very much connects with people who travel. The author is thus assuming that the people reading it will readily understand this language. However, it must be noted here that the article has come up in a magazine exclusively catering for travelers and operators. As being a traveler himself, the attitude of a larger share of the audience is well understood by the author. This is evident in the interesting word choice of the author. The text largely influences both categories of the audience. It while on one side is urging the operators to be careful of their quality, on the other side it warns the travelers of inferior quality of service. The second text, which is an advertisement, intends to cater for fun loving travelers. The advertisement has very less text on it and is communicating to its audience through its vibrant colour and appearance. In that context, the layout of the advertisement has been successful in extending the desired message to the right audience. The target audience of the advertisement is clearly people who are looking for economy travel. The discounts which are being offered are prominently included on both sides of the brochure. The balloons included on the back cover would readily fetch the attention of the intended audience. The text included is aimed to persuade the target audience to avail the services on offer. The caption on the top of the page urges the reader to make use of the available holidays. Different from the first text, here is the reader is not being educated but is being influenced to travel in South Eastern Railway. The scope of entrainment in and around London is well portrayed in the brochure. The descriptions on different places included are also largely persuasive in nature. The author of the first text makes it clear that he is a person with lifelong interest in travel and businesses allied with it. He has stated that he is not an operator. These statements are helping to project the concern the author has towards the problems pointed out. This in turn makes the arguments of the author more legitimate. The article, through four different examples of quality issues in holiday by coach, is keen on suggesting the negative opinion towards the latest developments in the industry discusses. The author substantiates it by contrasting these developments with the pleasant past experiences. However, the author later in the article takes a balanced st and by putting the blame on the hoteliers and not fully on the operators. He even suggests that the quality issues exist even in cases where the operators are really good. The holistic perception that the author shares with the audience is an urgent need of quality check by the operators. Reading between the lines, the travelers are also warned to be careful of the lacunas mentioned. In the case of the

HRD Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

HRD - Essay Example However, in accomplishing this particular objective of long-run sustainability, employee absenteeism rate is argued as a major challenge for Human Resource Managers (HRM) that is quite likely to result in declining productivity of the organisation, increasing conflicts amid the employees and hindered sustainability of the entire organisation (Cascio & Boudreau, 2010). Emphasising the severity of the effects of absenteeism, the discussion henceforth focuses on examining the issue on the basis of critical theoretical explanation. In this regard, various relevant theories have been considered in order to evaluate the factors that contribute towards the increasing the number of employees’ absenteeism rate in the modern day context. Employees’ Absenteeism Rate Employee absenteeism is often attributed as one of the most serious and challenging issues prevailing in organisations today. It is evident that employees are among the key assets for HRM in context to their operationa l efficiency and sustainability. Efficient and dedicated performances of the employees result in higher productivity, which further tends to have favourable impacts on the operations of the business. Conversely, inefficient performance of employees has often been observed to have led to lower productivity, which further contribute to a continuous decline in the company performance altogether. Absenteeism is viewed as a habitual pattern of absence deciphered by employees obstructing them from executing their responsibilities in the most effective manner. It is worth mentioning in this context that according to the modern managerial notion, high absenteeism rate of employees in workplace is often attributed as a by-product of poor work satisfaction owing to lack of motivation and morale (Cascio & Boudreau, 2010). To gain a comprehensive understanding on the increasing rate of employee absenteeism, certain relevant theories and concepts have been explained in the discussion below. Soci al Learning Theory of Employee Self-management Social Learning theory is a particular concept that has been applied in the workplace with the intention to encourage employees towards obtaining adequate learning experiences in their working process. This theory can be observed to be directly relevant with the behaviour and psychology of the employees. The theory basically states that people in the society learn mostly through their personal experiences that are acquired by their presences among others or through social interactions to be more precise. The theory further depicts that people in the society mainly learn by imitating or by observing the approach or actions of others. It is deemed that this theory have both positive and negative aspects associated with it in context to the workplace attitude of employees (French, 2011). According to Bandura (1971), employees in the workplace learn from others in a particular process, which includes attention, retention, reproduction and m otivation. Employees in the workplace is deemed to pay attention to what others do, often without judging the interpersonal differences or the after-effects of such a behaviour. As per the Social Learning theory, absenteeism habits of other employees might also be considered as a factor that attracts employees in the workplace and causes negative effects on their performances. As per this theory, the

( KEVs ) Key Environmental Variables of a medium enterprise in a given Essay

( KEVs ) Key Environmental Variables of a medium enterprise in a given industry - Essay Example In that sense, Danone aims at providing natural high quality food to the global market that would assist in building health through all stages of life. As a result, this would cultivate a taste of things that are good for the customers. Danone Groups also has been able to provide products that are adaptable to all the other cultures. This internationalization strategy has been made possible through scientific research. The firm has been able to curve out a big market share globally by embracing various technologies that have enabled the customers to shop for food products through tablet computers and smartphones, as well as other mobile devices. Moreover, the firm has also incorporated traditional sales channels that include telephone, physical stores, and catalogues (Danone, 2013). With regard to the environmental responsibility, the firm is looking for raw materials that are cheaper outside their own market, in addition to being eco-friendly. This means that the firm guarantees the quality, safety, and traceability of the raw materials. Moreover, the firm has come up with policies that would help track and improve working conditions and environmental effects of farming (Danone, 2013). As part of its globalization strategy, the business entity has ensured long-term protection and renewal of water reserves being operated by the group. According to Danone (2012), the Group is also trying to expand its operations globally by having a constant consultation process with various stakeholders at both national and international levels. The consultation initiatives comprises of the government representatives in the country of operation, manufacturers, the civil society, and the environmental bodies, particularly where the aim is to provide clear information for the consumers or responsible behavior in the field of environment

Making Work Better Essay Example for Free

Making Work Better Essay This was done by showing the different bubblers that the white people|leaves the audience in no doubt at all that racism is evil. This is most evident in the | |Use the film terms that you have been taught in |and the Negro people had to use. The white bubbler was a refrigerated one and the |establishing sequence. This sequence began with a medium shot focussing on two water fountains. | |class- this will be good for C3 –aesthetics |Negro bubbler was a broken non-refrigerated one. This represents the racism that |The signage of white and colored, with the white sign being higher than the coloured was subtle | |The selection of items should be based on the |is present in Mississippi straight away and symbolises that the whites are the |representation of the hierarchy within the South. There is quite an extended amount of time on this| |best information to prove your point. You also |preferred race. This is followed on by a car of cops chasing the care of activists |shot, signifying its importance. The lighting shrouds the white drinker in darkness, again quite | |need to select evidence that will not impede the|and pulling them over. This results in the death of the three activists. This is |subtly positioning the audience to reject the values that privilege white people over Negro people. | |fluency of your writing. |authentic representation as the shooting of the three students actually happened. The fact that the light shines over the evidently substandard ‘colored’ fountain perhaps suggests | |Stick to formal register – police over cops for |The cops go on to joke about ‘killing’ a nigga’ and this represents the hatred and |that the director wants to ‘shine a light’ on the racism within Mississippi. When this is combined | |example – unless of course you are quoting |brutality that is shown towards the Negros. The attitude of the cops is juxtaposed|with the next sequence which shows the suspenseful chase scene shrouded in arkness from the | |dialogue |with the attitude of the activists by showing the cops in a bad light by using |perspective of the civil rights activists brutally murdered by Southerners, the perspective of the | |Try not to retell the story – I know it. |close ups and darkness when showing them whereas the activists have an innocence |director is blindingly obvious- racism is clearly evil. |Bold in your homework all C3 words as a way of |and a victimised representation to position the audience to sympathise for them, |Knowing the facts of what happened and then seeing it in a brutal recreation is gut wrenching in its| |giving yourself a quick visual check that you |and support the Negroes. The Ku Klux Klan is also a representation of racism in |ugliness. This evocative response is guaranteed when the naivete of the civil rights workers whom | |have covered all of them enough. |Mississippi. Symbolism and motifs are used to show where the Klan has been |the audience get to see are juxtaposed against the malevolent people chasing them (whom we don’t see| |Try to make sure your topic sentence and |present. These are by reoccurring music, burning cross, and white hoods. These |until the murder takes place). The close ups makes both the fear of the activists and the hatred of| |clincher sentence mirror each other without |things are authentic and support what actually happened in real life. Racism is |their pursuers very real to the audience. When the audience realises that it is the police not only| |directly repeating yourself. |represented effectively throughout the opening scenes in Mississippi Burning. |perpetrating the crime, but laughing about â€Å"killin’ a nigger’ (Parker, 1989) it is clear that | |Your perspective on the film should be very | |these racist values are abhorrent! These opening scenes establish the director’s perspective | |clear by the strong assertive judgement words | |clearly. Later in the film this is further represented by the excessive violence of the Ku Klux Klan| |used. Highlighted in yellow. | |(KKK). Commonly known motifs such as the white hoods and the burning cross make it clear this is a | |Adding in all of the important info means my | |film based upon a recognisable and authentically represented time in history which makes seeing the | |paragraph was too big, but you can see a natural| |visuals more powerful. These clever film and narrative techniques create a representation of racism| |break with sentences that can act as topic | |that one can’t help but despise. | |sentences and clincher sentences. DO NOT do | | | |monster paragraphs!! | | |

Chuck Close | Art Style Analysis

Chuck Close | Art Style Analysis When he left the UW for Yale in 1962, Close changed his style completely, dumping abstract paintings based on de Kooning in favor or photorealist portraits. He turned his back on abstraction in favor of photorealism because he wanted to find his own voice and not continue to do work similar to that of his UW mentor, Art Professor Alden Mason. It was a dramatic break: Photorealism is a painting style resembling photography in its close attention to detail, the opposite of abstract expressionism. He achieved his international reputation by demonstrating that a very traditional art form, portrait painting, could be resurrected as a challenging form of contemporary expression. His work has been superficially described as photo realist, but is more revealingly positioned with the development of minimalism and process art of the 1960s and 1970s, says Christopher Ozubko, director of the UW School of Art. Closes large, iconic portraits are generated from a system of marking which involves painstaking replication of the dot system of the mechanical printing process. The portraits he producesutterly frontal, mural-size, and centered in shallow spacereplicate the veracity of a photograph and undermine the objectivity of photography at the same time, critics say. In the early days, though, his work was the complete opposite of realism. Upon his arrival at the UW from Everett Community Collegewhich back in the 1950s was a feeder for the UW art programhe was influenced heavily by the now-retired Mason. They used to get thick paint by the gallon from a special dealer in Oakland, and churned out lots of abstract works. It was the opposite of the precise work he is best known for, says Mason. We just glopped on tons of paint and followed the influence of de Kooning and other New York painters of the time. The brushwork then took a lot of energy, was emotional, hard work, full of anxiety and trauma because it was all improvisational. You had no idea what was going to turn out. The Marxist Analysis enables a piece of illustration or artwork to be put in its historical, social and cultural context. This can be done by analysing the production, consumption and status of the image. The work of Chuck Close can be analysed in this way to discover its purpose and context. I am particularly interested in the dramatic shift in the work of Chuck Close and the way he completely changed his style and way of working. Close began by producing very large photorealistic portraits and had a unique and very well liked style. Photorealism was very popular at the time culture However, he was not able to continue working in this way after suffering from a spinal cord injury in 1988, which caused him to lose mobility in all parts of his body except a small amount of movement in his neck. His accident left him feeling helpless and many believed this was the end of his career as an artist. However, he did not give up and continued producing artwork by holding a paintbrush between his teeth and painting small pixel-like sections to make up a larger image. Although his later paintings differ in method from his earlier canvases, the preliminary process remains the same. To create his grid work copies of photos, Close puts a grid on the photo and on the canvas and copies cell by cell. Typically, each square within the grid is filled with roughly executed regions of color (usually consisting of painted rings on a contrasting background) which give the cell a perceived average hue which makes sense from a distance. His first tools for this included an airbrush, rags, razor blade, and an eraser mounted on a power drill. His first picture with this method was Big Self Portrait, a black and white enlargement of his face to a 107.5in by 83.5in (2.73m by 2.12m) canvas, made in over four months in 1968, and acquired by the Walker Art Center in 1969. He made seven more black and white portraits during this period. He has been quoted as saying that he used such diluted paint in the airbrush that all eight of the paintings were made with a single t ube of mars black acrylic. However, Close continued to paint with a brush strapped onto his wrist with tape, creating large portraits in low-resolution grid squares created by an assistant. Viewed from afar, these squares appear as a single, unified image which attempt photo-reality, albeit in pixelated form. Although the paralysis restricted his ability to paint as meticulously as before, Close had, in a sense, placed artificial restrictions upon his hyperrealist approach well before the injury. That is, he adopted materials and techniques that did not lend themselves well to achieving a photorealistic effect. Small bits of irregular paper or inked fingerprints were used as media to achieve astoundingly realistic and interesting results. Close proved able to create his desired effects even with the most difficult of materials to control. He soon regained some movement in his upper arm and was able to produce artwork even more freely. He then found he was not completely powerless and developed a new style of working which was even more amazing than before his accident. By losing something valuable, he found something he never would have even imagined and realised he was stronger than anyone ever thought. The cultural context of Closes work contributes a lot to its meaning. At a time of Abstract Expressionism he went against the mainstream with his photorealistic portraits and redefined portraiture. He has always worked strictly from photographs, producing canvases usually about three meters high. Chuck Close uses grids to transfer the images to the canvas producing lifelike images with intricate detail. His earlier work had a very strong photographic feel- he even blurred out things further away from the face, as a real camera lens blurs the background of a photo. Chuck Close did not work in the same way as anyone else at the time. His portraits focused on the hair, skin and details such as wrinkles, rather than on the eyes, as many other artists at the time did. Such realism was created as Close captured every pore and wrinkle. This technique started out with a series of portraits in black and white, and the artist began using more colours in the 1970s. In the 1980s, he started towards abstraction. His best known technique is the fingerprint paintings in which he used an inkpad and his own fingerprints to fill in the grid of his canvas. The canvases got bigger, but the realism was still there, in fact, if a person were to stand at a distance where he/she could see the entire image, it would be very difficult for that person to tell that the piece was created with fingerprints. Once the person gets close enough to see the fingerprints, it is very unlikely that he/she can get a good view of the piece as a whole. His most current stage of abstraction is one developed after he became partially paralyzed. He fills each of his grids with an oval composed of a few rings of bright colors. The style is still realistic, but not to the degree of Superrealism. Average paintings done with this technique is typically smaller than his earlier work. Close usually works in stages but in this piece the rounded or hard-edged scribble shapes are not determined by a grid, unlike his other work. Closes actual hand drawn pencil lines on the softground plate seem physical. To make this piece he had to alter his approach to the image but had wanted to make a face using colour separations for a long time. Colour separations are made through variations on the primary colours red, yellow and blue so rather than creating the image one square at a time, he needed to think in terms of the whole face at once even though the whole face could not come together until the final colour was layered on. Each individual state is scribbled echo of the entire face. The print is relatively small compared to the rest of his work, being only 18 1/4 x 15 1/4, zooming in on Closes face, cropping it off on all four sides. The extreme close up may symbolise the mature artist looking back on his career, confronting both the viewer and himself in a portfolio of i ntimate-sized etchings with a hand-drawn feel. Closes own explanation for why he made this piece is practical and unpretentious I wanted to demystify the process so that people understand how things happen. This piece would have been very time-consuming and labour intensive for Close as each stage had to be planned expertly. How does it communicate with the audience? This Marxist approach can lead on to Semicotic analysis which studies the use of a set of signs which enables the intended audience to understand the artworks meaning.

Filamentous DNA Phages Single Stranded RNA Phages

Filamentous DNA Phages Single Stranded RNA Phages INTRODUCTION: Bacteriophages are one of the most widely studied organisms than that of bacteria and any other living organism. They are mainly used in that of molecular biology studies, because of lesser complexity they are usually preferred over other organism. A bateriophage is a bacterial parasite which can neither grow or replicate on its own but can do so within a given organism. The major success of bacteriophage truly depends upon the genetic element which is usually packed within the capsid. the genetic element can either be a single stranded or double stranded linear,circular DNA /RNA. The filamentous bacteriophages are single stranded DNA phages about 5.5nm in diameter and they usually are present in a ring like form. They show the presence of about 10000 nucleotide and they usually harbour in Gram negative host. They usually adsorb on the tail like component called sex pilus which is responsible for the transmission of plasmids. The major properties of these virus are that it does not harm the host. The other general properties of filamentous DNA phages are as follows: They can be grown in extremely high titre because they do not lyse the cells. They are extremely small in size and they can mainly be studied and used in molecular biology experiments. It is the only virus which has been crystallized for the analysis using x-ray diffraction and a good model for studying mutations. The interaction between the host and the virus can be used as a model for studying characteristics property of oncogenic virus. Three filamentous E.coli phages i.e M13,fd, f1 have been carefully studied and each of them have a life cycle similar to that à ¢Ã‚ ±Ã‚ ·174. M13 bacteriophage: M13 is a filamentous bacteriophage it has circular ssDNA. It contains about 6407 nucleotides. It contains major coat protein P8 and it capped with 5 minor protein P9,P6,P3.P3 protein attaches to the tip of the pilus E.coli. They are non-lethal and they form turbid plaques in Ec.oli they bring about reduction in the cell growth process. They are also used for structural studies. The phage particles: The phage is assembled by that of 50 amino acids protein called p8.It takes about 2700 copies of p8 to make about the coat 90 nm long.It has been seen that is quite flexible .Other distinct proteins which are usually present P9 mainly comprises about 5 copies. P7 p9 are usually seen in micrographs they are extremely small in size containing about 32-33 amono acids.The other end of the phage particles contain about 5 copies of the surface exposed p3and less exposed accessory protein p6.They form a rounded tip and the p6 is the the final protein to interact with the E.coli host during invasion. Phage life cycle: The filament phage uses the F pilus to infect E.coli with the M 13 tip containing the TolA protein on bacterial pilus. The phage genome is transferred to the cytoplasm of E.coli where the resident protein convert single stranded DNA genome to a double stranded replicative form(RF).This DNA acts like a template for the expression of phage gene. The second phase mainly involves amplification of the genome p2 it nicks the double strand form of the genome to initiate the replication of strand without which no replication occurs. Host enzymes replicate the(+) strand resulting in more copies of dsDNA.p5 competes with ds DNA formation by sequestering copies of the (+) stranded DNA into a protein/DNA complex designed to pack recovery phages. Another important protein p10 is important for regulating the number of ds genome in the bacterial host without which no strand an accommodate .Phage maturation requires p4 translational restart p11.Multiple copies of p4 assemble in outer membrane into a table barrel shaped structure.A number of p1 and p11 5/6 copies each)assemble inside the inner bacterial membrane.p1 p11 ans p4 together they are responsible for the release of mature phage. REPLICATION IN M13: Replication in m13 can be explained as follows; Viral (+) strand DNA enterscytoplasm Complementary (-) strandis synthesized by bacterial enzymes DNA Gyrase, atype II topoisomerase, acts ondouble-stranded DNAand catalyzes formation ofnegative supercoilsin double-stranded DNA Final product is parental replicative form (RF) DNA A phage protein, pII, nicks the (+) strand in the RF 3-hydroxyl acts as a primer in the creation of new viral strand pII circulizes displaced viral (+) strand DNA Pool of progeny double-stranded RF molecules produced Negative strand of RF is template of transcription mRNAs are translated into the phage proteins Phage proteins in the cytoplasm are pII, pX, and pV, and they are part of the replication process of DNA. The other phage proteins are synthesized and inserted into the cytoplasmic or outer membranes. pV dimers bind newly synthesized single-stranded DNA and prevent conversion to RF DNA RF DNA synthesis continues and amount of pV reaches critical concentration DNA replication switches to synthesis of single-stranded (+) viral DNA pV-DNA structures from about 800nm long and 8nm in diameter pV-DNA complex is substrate in phage assembly reaction. Research: SINGLE STRANDED RNA PHAGES: Single stranded RNA are found everywhere E. coli lives in the intestinal tract of man and animals. They can also be found in sewage samples .They are harmless creature in case of humans.RNA phages are tailless, icosahedron like that of à Ã¢â‚¬ ¢174 and it mainly involves E. coli phages f2,R17,MS-2 QÃŽ ². The RNA is a linear single stranded molecule having about 3600 nucleotides it contains 3 genes encoding a coat protein an attachment protein (A) and a RNA replicase. The RNA molecule acts both like a template and also like an mRNA so they do not possess a DNA polymerase and the regulation occurs at the translational level. They have large burst size and they form huge crystalline arrays within each bacterium. Cell lysis usually takes place at a time ranging from 30-60 minutes after infection. Virus structure: Virions contain about 180 copies of the coat protein arranged in a T=3 icosahedral shell that encloses THE RNA. alloleviviruses contain about 15 copies of the read through protein.the encapsidated RNA is resistant to ribonuclease treatment.The damaged virion are exposed to RNAase activity.The structures have been resolved by x-ray diffraction methods Life cycle of RNA PHAGE: ENTRY: Upon entry the ribosome they usually attach to the CP gene which is the centremost gene of the RNA molecule. TRANSLATION : The stem and loop structures in RNA block the ribosomal binding sites of the A and the Rep proteins. The translation of the CP gene opens the binding site of the Rep proteins .Both proteins are made but the increasing amounts of the CP proteins bind to the rep site and block translation of the rep gene. About 2 x 10 copies are needed as structural components whereas replicase is needed only in catalytic amounts. Replication of the phage RNA:The QÃŽ ²has a tetramer consisting of one Rep molecule with about three proteins-EF-Ts EF-Tutranslation factors needed for the placement of charged TrnaMOLECULES Synthesis of A protein: The binding site for the A protein is never available on the free(+)strand. The replication begins at the 3’teerminus close to the A gene. After synthesis of the (+) strand begind there is a brief period when the protein A gets translated. The A number is maintained and it is equal to the number of the (+) strand .it is believed that the A protein bring about the interaction of the RNA with the CP molecules PARTICLE ASSEMBLY: THE CP PROTEIN MOLE CULES spontaneously aggregate around the newly synthesized (+) strand and form an icosahedral shell. Cell lysis: Once about 10000 phages are formed the cell undergoes lysis and no lytic enzymes are left behind ,the mechanism still remains unknown. The QÃŽ ² phage: It is an RNA virus affecting E.coli. Contains a positive sense single strand RNA. It is one of the smallest known viruses measuring about 24 nm in diameter. Its icosahedral capsid consists of about 180 copies of the same protein. The strands acts like that of an mRNA and it also acts like a template for the replication of a complimentary strand. REFERENCES: Filamentous Bacterial Viruses(BACTERIOLOGICAL REVIEWS JUNE 1969 pg 177-209.ASM PRESS THE BACTERIOPHAGES 2ND ,BY CALENDER EDITION OXFORD PRESS MOLECULAR BIOLOGY BY FREIFIELDER FROM THE WEB

Essay --

Even though there is an age requirement, alcohol should be banned because it leads to drunk driving and kills. Here in the state of Missouri, statistics show that in 2011, 9,878 people died in drunk driving crashes. One crash every 53 minutes. There are two types of drunk driving offenses. One is DWI, which is driving while intoxicated. The other is the DUI, driving under the influence, which would be of alcohol or other drugs. They both follow the same rules and laws. Here in Missouri, we have strict laws and offenses that limit drunk driving. The legal blood alcohol level for driving is a maximum .08% if you are over the age of 21 and .02% for minors under the age 21. A first offence for driving while intoxicated is considered a class B misdemeanor. Class B misdemeanors can vary from 30 days up to six months in jail, up to $500 in fines, or both. A second offense within five years of the first violation is a class A misdemeanor and is serving up to 1 year in jail, a $1,000 fine, or both. A third conviction for DWI in your lifetime is a class D felony and you serve 4 years in prison, a $5,000 fine, or both. Previous laws in Missouri used to require that the first offense would have occurred within 10 years of the 3rd offense, but now it is a lifetime look back. A fourth conviction is a class C felony and is punishable by up to 7 years in prison, a $5,000 fine, or both. A fifth conviction is a class B felony and is punished with up to 15 years in prison. With DUI convictions, even first-time offenders receive a license suspension. The suspension ranges from 90 days to a full year. Drivers who have a second or third DUI conviction face having their licenses revoked for another five to ten years, not including their other consequ... ... sure before you do drink, someone is assigned to be the designated driver and make sure that they are committed to not drinking any alcoholic beverages. As technology increases, there are more and more types of ways to prevent drunk driving. The use of ignition locks is growing in popularity and are trying to be mandatory for all vehicles. An ignition lock is a machine that is connected to a car’s ignition and checks the drivers blood alcohol content level. Installing an ignition lock in repeated violators cars is a possibility in many states. They would have to blow into the machine to start the car and also from time to time while driving. If alcohol is detected, the car either does not start or turns itself off. If a driver fails the test while the car is in motion, the vehicle’s horn will honk, or the lights will flash to get the attention of police officers.

Romeo and Juliet Essay example -- Literary Analysis, Shakespeare

It is deeply ironic that â€Å"love†, which is regarded so highly in our society, is a very general term without well-defined specific terms. For instance, there are not even explicit terms to describe the specific types of love one feels between, say, a family member, and a romantic interest, which are clearly distinct and almost completely universal. We naturally seek a universal definition of love, a complete truth. I daresay that I doubt one exists. This ambiguity of terminology has undoubtedly caused much conflict; history has no shortage of examples. Further irony arises in that despite being central to life, both physically and mentally, we still seem to struggle greatly with the concept; mathematics has much better utilized its ubiquity among the ancient civilizations. As a corollary, love is one of, if not the, most common theme in literature and the other arts. Here, we shall examine a specific example. In Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet, Shakespeare il lustrates romantic love, infatuation, and familial love, and how all three contradict each other by promoting different courses of action. Firstly, Shakespeare depicts infatuation in his play. Note that infatuation is distinct from romantic love because infatuation lacks certain qualities, such as a conscious will to maintain said love. We refer to Romeo’s feelings for Rosaline before the party. Romeo says: She is too fair, too wise, wisely too fair, To merit bliss by making me despair. She hath forsworn to love, and in that vow Do I live dead that live to tell it now. (1.1.221-5) From this quote, Romeo’s feelings of Rosaline are extremely apparent: Romeo â€Å"loves† Rosaline, in common terms. However, this affection does not contain the usual elements th... ...3-4). There is no denying that this decision is obviously far from optimal. And hence the point is proved- the two types of love have hence produced a much more counterintuitive result than expected. Indeed, this contradiction is one of the central themes of this work. In Romeo and Juliet, there exist multiple types of love, and they all contradict each other by motivating characters to perform actions that they would otherwise not perform under the influence of one alone. In particular, Shakespeare illustrates both infatuation and familial love. Furthermore, all three types of love contradict each other- romantic love permits instantaneous destruction of infatuation. Similarly, familial love and romantic love, when both present, cause much agony to Juliet. Indeed, this work well demonstrates why love can be so powerful and at the same time so disastrous.

Philosophy of Healthcare Essay

This paper analyzes seven view points on the topic of Philosophy of Healthcare. The seven view points are blended into this paper by discussing what factors highly influenced my decision to choose healthcare as my set profession in life. Also discussing the Nature of Mankind, stating a few qualities that are highly important in our society and give examples of how it is used in our everyday life. This paper will further discuss the Brokenness of Mankind and what I believe are my most important qualities that I will be able to bring into the medical field. Discuss different ways how handle conflict and stress that can someday lead to â€Å"burnout† in healthcare. Along the topic of talking about the Brokenness of Mankind, I will debate if there is a difference between healing and curing. Last, I will altercate the Value of Mankind and in what ways this could be appropriate for faith to play a part in giving care in healthcare. Keywords: none. Philosophy of Healthcare Final Project Seven Points of Philosophy of Healthcare Back when I was a young child in elementary school, my first grade teacher asked me and all my other classmates, â€Å"What do you want to be when you grow up?! One girl said a private eye investigator; a boy who played on the peewee football team for our city said he wanted to be the quarterback of any NFL team. When it was finally my turn to say what I wish to do for the rest of my life, I said I wanted to be a professional ice skater! I came to realize six years later that that was never going to be my reality and I had to think about what really would interest me. One good quality everyone said I obtained was caring for others and how I always am the first to aid someone in need. I spent most of my time in the hospital visiting my grandmother and I always thought it was amazing to see the doctors rush to a patient or watch the nurses do their rounds. I told my mother I wanted to work in the hospital as a volunteer and she said I should so I did and I fell even more in love. Seeing all of the things going on in the hospital influenced me to really pursue this profession. What also influenced me was seeing how my pediatrician cared for other kids and was always taking good care of not only myself, but others as well. In this profession people need to possess very important virtues. Some of my personal virtues are dedication, caring, and also integrity. I believe that being dedicated is a cogent virtue to have in general, but specifically as a healthcare professional. While working in the medical field you have to give time and effort to your patients and show them that you care as well. Caring would have to be another virtue that I portray and that is also very good to have. For example, if you have a patient that has been there for a long period of time, you have to show them that you care and put yourself in their position. Philosophy of Healthcare Final Project You have to show that you care, because if you don’t things will only be negative and later on will become complicated and stressful. Integrity is a very strong virtue that anyone can have because it shows that you can be trusted and that you are a very honest person. Nowadays, they have a system called HIPAA, which is used in hospitals nationwide. HIPAA is used for patient confidentiality and is an agreement that you will not discuss why a patient in there in the hospital and what is wrong with them with anyone else. This is why I believe everyone needs to have integrity. Discussion There is a plethora of ways that my top three virtues could be demonstrated. To start off, we will talk about dedication. Dedication can be shown in the medical field by setting aside time to get certain tasks done by a specific time or day. For example, if a nurse has to clean up after a patient, they have to set aside time to aid them and also be dedicated to doing it, along with that, they have to care for the patient while doing this specific task. Caring is another one of my top virtues. Caring is shown in many ways in this specific field. For example, caring for a patient while they are in the hospitality suite is extremely nice. When I did my volunteer service back in Orlando Regional Medical Center, I spent most of my time in the hospitality suite making sure every patient waiting to return home was doing okay and assisting them get into their cars and giving them anything while they waited patiently to leave. Also, integrity is highly demonstrated in healthcare. As I have stated earlier in this paper, HIPAA is a very good example of how integrity can be shown in healthcare. Philosophy of Healthcare In addition, what I believe would be my important qualities that I can bring to healthcare as a professional would have to be my ability to be loyal and true to everyone including my co-workers, the patients, and of course myself. To me, loyalty and being trustworthy are the biggest qualities that anyone can pertain in life because without it, no one can depend on you to accomplish things or to confine things either. Today in the field of healthcare, there are many cases that are conflicting and stressful. Many people try to climb their way out of this by doing numerous of strategies to get themselves out. The best thing to do is to focus on the positive and try to think of ways to make things better. Do not try to blame others for wrong doings and try not to say the first things that comes to mind in a bad situation because that only makes things worse. â€Å"In the hospital or any medical setting, you will be faced with problems and challenges almost every day. † (www. zinearticles. com). Also, building a strong communication with your colleagues can become a great advantage and can cause less burnout in the field. â€Å"Another important way to combat stress is to sharpen one’s communication skills. † (www. fdu. edu). everything nowadays is communicated via e-mail, pager, text, or even social networks to try and get into contact with one another. If you have to talk to someone about a problem, simply approach them and talk face to face and not try to chase down a text or e-mail to have proof of something you said. Discussion Many people say that there is an antithesis between healing and curing. In my opinion I believe that they are both different. â€Å"Healing is a natural process and is within the power of everyone. Curing, which is what doctors are called upon to do, usually consists of an Philosophy of Healthcare Final Project external treatment; medication or surgery is used to mask or eliminate symptoms. † (www. beliefnet. com). Healing is done by our Lord and Savior, Jesus Christ. It takes time for this to happen and it takes a lot of faith to make it possible. On the otherhand, you can show up to a physician’s office or the hospital and say â€Å"Take the pain away! † and it will be gone within the hour thanks to technology today. With healing, you need to have a very positive mind set and pray to our Father in heaven to cure us with his tender loving care, instead of depending on society to cure us. â€Å"The first step is having the intention to heal, to come back into balance. † (www. stepsonthepath. com).

Bowlby’s Ethological Attachment Theory Essay

Abstract Bowlby’s ethological attachment theory bases its argument on the premise that human individuals, just like animals have a tendency to have a natural inclination to establish and maintain lasting affectionate bonds (attachments) to the familiar and irreplaceable others. Bowlby further asserts that once the attachments are established, the strength, and stability of the links is related the emotional stability and well-being of the individual throughout life. Bowlby proposes that the attachment initially form during infancy and often involve one primary attachment figure (mostly the mother or other primary caregiver). However, growth from childhood to adulthood results in the development of other secondary and multiple attachments which are organized into hierarchies from the most accessible to the least accessible. This forms the lifespan development of an individual as attachment needs for comfort and closeness shift from parents to peers as part of a healthy lifespan development. This paper discusses Bowlby’s ethological attachment theory as a theory of lifespan development. The paper is organized with an introduction which briefly discusses the concept of ethology and its ancestry from the study on the graylag geese by Konrad Lorenz. It further presents the contributions of Bowlby and the applications of the theory on human beings lifespan development and contemporary practice. The paper logically ends with a conclusion. Introduction Ethology emphasizes that human behavior is tied to evolution and biology, and is therefore characterized by critical periods. According to ethnologists, the critical periods are time frames during which the presence of lack of certain experiences exerts long-lasting influence on human individuals. The concept of ethology rose to prominence after a European zoologist (Lorenz) undertook a behavioral study on graylag geese and their behavior of following their mothers immediately after they hatch (Marga, 2011). In his  attempt to study on attachment, Lorenz subdivided the eggs laid by one goose into two groups with one being given to the mother for hatching while the other was hatched in an incubator. The goslings hatched by the mother followed the mother immediately after hatching while those hatched in the incubator followed Lorenz sine he was the one they saw immediately after hatching. Even after marking the goslings and placing them in a box, the goslings run to the mother and Lo renz according immediately after the box was opened (van der Horst & van der Veer, 2009). Lorenz described the process as imprinting. Imprinting refers to the process through which rapid, innate learning takes place and involves the creation of attachment to the first mobile object visible to a newly hatched gosling. John Bowlby took the concept ahead illustrating an application of ethological theory on human behavior and development. In his view, attachment to a caregiver during the first year of a child has significant consequences throughout the individual’s lifespan. In his words, attachment influences human relationships â€Å"from the cradle to the grave† (Pitman & Scharfe, 2010, p. 201). Bowlby argues that if the attachment is both positive and secure, the individual has a high likelihood of developing positively through childhood and into adulthood. On the other side, if the attachment is both negative and insecure, the individual has high chances of not attaining optimal life-span development. It is the concern of human individuals that they reach optimal lifespan development, something that ethological theory partly tries to explain. This paper discusses Bowlby’s ethological attachment theory and its applications in the course of lifespan development. Bowlby’s perspectives on ethological attachment theory From the perspective of ethological theory, babies have an innate biological preparation to participate actively towards the establishment of a bond with caregivers. The ethological theory holds that such an attachment promotes the likelihood that the genes of individuals survive (Makulincer & Shaver, 2012). The theory also posits that the behaviors of children are best understood in the context of their adaptive value hence they seek to fully integrate with the entire organism-environment arrangement. This includes physical, social as well as the cultural aspects an individual is exposed to in the course of life-span development. While Bowlby’s ethological theory  places its emphasis on genetics and biological aspects of development, learning also plays an integral role in life-span development since it facilitates flexibility and adaptation of human behavior. One of Bowlby’s concerns had to do with the ability of children raised in other institutions such as orphanages to form lasting relationships. Bowlby’s proposal was that children who grow up in institutions such as orphanages have difficulties when it comes to love because they never had the opportunity to establish attachments to a mother figure in the early stage of their lives. The attachment, in Bowlby’s view, is an emotional bond established between two people and this attachment is vital in the building of healthy relationships (Makulincer, Shaver & Berant, 2013). He argued that the bonding process starts at birth and runs through to later stages in life. Below six months, the infant is attached to the primary caregiver. Between six to eighteen months, the separation of the child from the attachment figure upsets the child causing frequent cries. Another accompanying behavior at this stage is the fear of strangers. While infants develop a primary attachment to a single caregiver, researchers also argue that other significant attachments also develop. Such attachments include those with siblings, fathers, and other close figures who interact with the child. Mary Ainsworth, an American scholar to study the area of attachment describes the attachments as secondary attachments (Marga, 2011). She further describes secondary attachments as important bonds in the life-span development of an individual. These attachments are vital since the child has to live in world beyond the mother/primary caregiver. Secondary attachments help in the transformation of the child from the comfortable symbiotic relationship that he/she initially forms with the primary caregiver to include others in the society (Makulincer & Shaver, 2012). It is from this development that the child is able to develop age-appropriate independence and autonomy in the course of life-span development. Children imitate their models and the positive interactions with the caregiver promote a sense of identity and attachment. Children also develop multiple attachments as witnessed in Ainsworth’s secondary attachments (Marga, 2011). A father who is warm and affectionate towards the child becomes emotionally involved with the child and establishes attachment. Researchers also find that when sons feel understood by their fathers, they develop attachments towards, their  fathers. On the other side, when sons feel misunderstood by their fathers, they did not only feel afraid of them but also did not want to be like the male parent in the future. The lesson here is that paternal affection and understanding are key components that help in the promotion of positive relationships and attachments between a male parent and the child. According to Sable (2008), Bowlby’s ethological attachment theory is recognized as a lifespan developmental theory. The author further argues that it is relevant in the understanding of how early affection experiences exert influence on emotional and physical well being of an individual both in childhood and adulthood. The author specifically singles the importance of Bowlby’s ethological attachment theory in clinical practice as it helps in understanding clients’ distress and the carrying out of psychotherapy. Contemporary research on neurobiology of attachment extends the basis of Bowlby’s conception of an attachment behavior system and suggests that its functions are executed in the brain’s right hemisphere, specifically the right cortex (Sable, 2008). Just like Bowlby asserts that attachment system evolves on the need for protection from environmental dangers such as predation, the brain is also an evolving organ largely influenced by â€Å"nat ural selection† (Sable, 2008, p. 22) and later shaped by environmental experiences. It is from this realization that knowledge of attachment theories becomes invaluable in psychotherapy. Application of Bowlby’s ethological attachment in lifespan development According to Pitman & Scharfe (2010), the principles of attachment theory are distinctively visible in moments of distress or sickness when the individual feels that their survival is under threat. However, there are many other instances when attachment behaviors are manifest such as children’s first experiences in schools and day care centers. Pitman & Scharfe (2010) observe that during the first day in day care centers, children experience increases in cortisol levels and heart rates. In the course of an individual’s developmental lifespan, other incidences include airport separations when couples display attachment behaviors as well as distress irrespective of their attachment security. Knowledge of attachment is useful in psychotherapy. According to Pitman & Scharfe (2010), individuals with high attachment anxiety and avoidance experience greater physical symptoms in comparison with individuals who have low attachment anxiety and avoidance. The researchers  also report on the existence of an association between attachment anxiety and avoidance on one hand and depression on the other across varying age groups. These range from samples of children and adolescents, emerging adults, married couples, community samples in transition to parenthood, university samples, as well as clinical samples. The results indicate an association between higher attachment anxiety and avoidance with depression (Sable, 2008). The establishment of attachment with the therapists determines the effectiveness of a therapist in giving assistance to a client. Bowlby believes that the development of a new attachment with a therapist enables the therapist to assist the client in revising the story of the client’s life into a more consiste nt narrative. According to Sable (2010), the role of the therapist is to provide a springboard for change and this is possible through joint exploration of the painful feelings and the unhappy events that contribute the current emotional problems of the client. In order to win this trust, the therapist ought to become a relatively secure base where the client experiences safety and support. The therapist has to cultivate for this attachment through calming and soothing interactions although it may take some time before the therapist is accepted and felt as emotionally familiar and affectively accustomed to the client. One of the applications of Bowlby’s ethological attachment theory by clinicians is in the assessment of the client’s attachment style so that the clinician can regulate the therapeutic approach (Sable, 2010). The outcomes of a therapy process reveal that avoidant outpatients show minimal clinical improvements in comparison to the secure and anxious outpatients after individual therapy (Makulincer, Shaver & Berant, 2013). They also report that in a study carried out in a university program training clinic, avoidant attachment had an inverse relationship to psychotherapy outcome. Researchers agree that problems in the working alliance between clients and therapists partially mediate the avoidance-outcome association. In another sample of clients with eating disorders, avoidant-attachment was linked with dropout of group psychotherapy. Another contemporary application of Bowlby’s ethological theory is in the diagnosis of the reactive attachment disorder. Follan & Minnis (2009) investigate the cases of the forty-four juvenile thieves described as affectionless psychopaths. Out of the sampled ‘juvenile thieves,’ 86 percent had undergone through prolonged separation  from primary caregivers in the early stages of their lives apart from being placed under multiple care placements. Follan & Minnis (2009) find out that in their sample, 60 percent of children with reactive attachment disorder had been separated from their homes either resulting from neglect or other types of maltreatment. According to Bowlby, the experience of separation from primary caregivers was a key etiological factor contributing towards the development of difficulties in children. These findings lend credence to Bowlby’s ethological attachment theory in the diagnosis of reactive attachment disorder (RAD). While Bowlby’s ethological attachment theory receives worldwide support, it also faces some criticisms. One such criticism is its reliance on biology and evolution as the basis of development as well as the use of selective observations in naturalistic situations. Marga (2011) presents contradicting reports of a study involving 162 farm children where there was no relation between infant training on one hand and personality development on the other. As a result, the research er implores scientists to â€Å"quit blaming mom† as a dismissal to Bowlby’s ethological attachment theory. While the criticisms are there, Bowlby’s ethological theory receives widespread support and application as it relates to the lifespan development of an individual. Conclusion The behavioral development of a human being begins at birth and occurrences at the formative years determine the personality development of the individual later in adulthood. Many theories such as the behavioral and psychoanalytic theories explain personality development of the human individual. The quality of the entire human life is the accurate measure of effective lifespan development of the individual. Bowlby’s ethological attachment theory argues that human individuals develop attachments to primary caregivers that are affectionate and supportive. As individuals grow, they develop other secondary and multiple attachments with peers in order to get security as they interact with different environments. Bowlby’s perspective has received widespread acceptance although it has also been criticized for placing emphasis on biology and evolution. Nevertheless, the theory receives application in psychotherapy. Researchers report that clients are open up to therapists after they develop a feeling of security and attachment with the therapist. There is evidence that psychotherapy  outcomes also depend on the establishment of attachment between the client and the therapist. There is also a link between avoidant-attachment and dropout of group psychotherapy. The theory specifically helps in understanding the distress of clients in various stages in life and this facilitates positive outcomes during physiotherapy. There is further evidence that Bowlby’s ethological attachment theory also helps in the diagnosis of reactive attachment disorder. As individuals grow from childhood to adulthood, their attachments change due to changes in the environment, making Bowlby’s ethological theory a theory of lifespan development. References Follan, M., & Minnis, H. (2009). Forty-four juvenile thieves revisited: From Bowlby to reactive attachment disorder. Child: care, health and development 36(5): 639-645. Makulincer, M., & Shaver, P.R. (2012). Adult Attachment Orientations and Relationship Processes. Journal of Family Theory & Review 4: 259-274. Makulincer, M., Shaver, P.R., & Berant, E. (2013). An attachment perspective on therapeutic processes and outcomes. Journal of Personality 81(6): 606-616. Marga, V. (2011). The Social Nature of the Mother’s Tie to Her Child: John Bowlby’s Theory of Attachment in Post-war America. British Journal for the History of Science 44(3): 401-426. Pitman, R., & Scharfe, E. (2010).Testing the function of attachment hierarchies during emerging adulthood. Personal Relationships 17(2): 201-216. Sable, P. (2008). What is Adult Attachment? Clinical Social Work Journal 36(1): 21-30. van der Horst, F.C.P., & van der Veer, R. (2009). Separation and divergence: The untold story of Ja mes Robertson’s and John Bowlby’s theoretical dispute on mother-child separation. Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences 45(3): 236-252.