My Future Essay

In the future I see myself studying The Natural Science Program, hopefully with a friend through my years in High School. After school I want to study into becoming a doctor, probably in another country than Sweden, hopefully France, which will be interesting. It will probably take up a lot of my free time but it will be worth it in the end. I will probably study alongside a friend, having him as my roommate which hopefully will make my studies enjoyable. Hopefully I’ll have a beautiful girlfriend while I’m studying to encourage me alongside my mother. I wouldn’t like to get married until I’m like 25 years old, any younger I would consider it kind of weird and I would want to enjoy the bachelor life a while before getting married On my spare time I would go out and meet some French girls and hang out with some friends. I’d like my life to be adventurous and fun, but that would be kind of hard to achieve due to the fact that studying to a doctor would take up a lot of my time. After I have achieved the job as a doctor or if I achieve it I will buy a nice house and a nice car that hopefully will attract girls. ï Å  When or if I become a father I do not want to become the over protective type just because of the fact that I don’t like when my parents behave that way for me, but I will set some boundaries. But of course I also know that it is for my own best, they do it because they love me.

“North and South” depends on contrasts for its momentum Essay

Gaskell is a very capable writer; she uses many skills to create atmosphere, tension and emotion in her book. However, to create the energy in her stories that makes her stand out as a writer, she uses contrast in many different forms The locations in the story contrast with each other, reflecting different stages in life of Margaret. In London, where she first starts off, it is polite, reserved and superficial. Her life there is complacently indolent. When she moves back to Helstone, we see it is still very leisurely and languid, but there is a solid and healthy feel to it. She then goes to Milton, which is in complete contrast. Here it is a very functional town; everyone is preoccupied and determined. There is more a feeling of energy about the people, it is a centre for new ideas, but it is also very dirty, smoggy and cold compared to the green of Helstone. In chapter 8 we see a clear contrast in Edith’s letter from Corfu, describing a hot, clean atmosphere of idleness and happiness compared to Margaret’s depressed north. Social values are another important factor in the story that gives it momentum Views on Religion help to distinguish the characters. Bessy believes very strongly in God while Mr. Higgins does not. This is mirrored in Margaret’s different attitudes to her father about questioning the church. There is also the importance of the employer and employee relationship. Margaret disagrees with the strong feeling of a parent and child relationship that exists between the masters and men, that often creates tension. There are differences not only between those that are rich and those that are not, but also gain and use of that wealth. There is an obvious contrast between Bessy, Margaret and Fanny. They are all the same age but live completely different lives according to their wealth. Bessy is poor and suffers greatly from the poverty. Margaret is comfortable while Fanny benefits from her brother’s wealth and like Edith enjoys an idle lifestyle. The Mr. Hales position is not as respected in the North as it is in the south, as reflected in the family’s trouble in getting a servant. There is also a difference in their route to wealth, Mr. Thornton’s is by being dynamic, working hard and seizing opportunities, while Mr. Hale’s was by doing dull, tedious work for many years. But it is their attitudes to wealth that are so different. The south prefer simple decoration, they have a secure knowledge of their wealth, while in the north, their need to heavily ornate and decorate themselves and surroundings is emphasised, showing a clear insecurity, and need to â€Å"show off†. This is best summed up at the dinner party, where Margaret shows distaste at the gross amount of food laid out before her, which is particularly shown up against her previous visit to Bessy’s house. The characters have to be both the easiest and strongest way of showing contrasts, and creating energy. The first contrast we see is at the beginning of chapter 1, where the differences between Edith and Margaret are made clear. Edith is superficial; she acts childishly, showing off her husband. Margaret on the other hand is full of intense reactions, nostalgia and basic sincerity. The next clear difference we see is of that between Margaret and her parents. Unlike both her parents, Margaret is strong and independent. Her father even has to rely on her to break news of the move to her mother. However, the best example of contrast is the first meeting of Margaret and Mr. Thornton. Here we see a strong sense of masculinity and femininity, the sexual tension is strong, and adds an electrifying air to the confrontation. Mr. Thornton’s masculinity is also contrasted with that of Margaret’s only other suitor, Mr. Lennox, who like her father is very feminine. Then there are the contrasts between and in the families. Mr. Thornton and Mrs. Thornton are both very strong characters, bullish almost, compared to the personality of Fanny, who is similar to Edith. However, Mrs. Thornton is more perceptive than her son, and sees that he has fallen in love with Margaret, even though Mr. Thornton cannot admit it to himself or anyone else. The two mothers are in deep contrast to each other. They are the personifications of the feeling of north and south. The north being strong and uncompromising, while the south is soft and snobbish. Another contrast that is picked out in the book is between the two males. One is described as soft, weak and tired even â€Å"almost feminine† the other is distinctly masculine, hardened, defined, astute and energetic. The final contrast in characters is between Bessy and Margaret. This is a clear contrast, as they are both girls, and are both the same age. They differ in wealth and attitudes and it is a clear indication of what is considered important when discussing what Margaret is going to wear to the dinner party. Interestingly, there is a feeling of contrast that, while Mr. Thornton is not academically learned, which Margaret is, he is much more socially and emotionally developed than her, while she is tormented by the sights of Bessy in her state. The first important example of contrasting dialogue is in chapter 9, between the Hales. Here, it helps to clearly show the different positions of each character. Mr. Hale is anxious, Mrs. Hale is querulous and Margaret is overworked. There is also a contrast between the Hales argument at the beginning of this chapter and the Thorntons, at the end, to emphasise how different they are. Other contrasts in dialogue include the way in which Mr. Thornton and then Mrs. Thornton talk to Margaret in chapter 15, and then in Margaret’s talk with Bessy where the contrasts between North and South are highlighted. Finally, another clear contrast is the discussion between Mr. Thornton and Margaret at the dinner party over the meaning of the word â€Å"gentleman†. Here, Gaskell skilfully uses the dialogue to create a sense of sexual tension between them. One major point in how the structure of the novel helps to create a contrast is in the titles. Significant titles like â€Å"haste to the wedding† are followed â€Å"roses and thorns† a juxtaposition of two images that heighten the point that Gaskell is trying to put across. The other is in Mr. Lennox proposing. Here we see a sudden crisis that Margaret faces which is mirrored by a deeply poignant crisis of having to move from Helstone. Similarities help to stress the contrasts in the novel. The easiest similarity is between Margaret and Mr. Thornton, most importantly in their pride. Another is the illness shared by the Higginses and the Hales. This can almost be seen as a reflection of social illnesses within the society. All these contrasts help to move the story along and create energy, particularly among the characters. One clear example of how Gaskell uses contrasts is in Mr. Thornton and Margaret’s first meeting where the sexual tension helps to create a strong atmosphere and well-written piece.

Senior Student

If I were a newly appointed procurement manager at a company or an organization that there has not been yet proper procurement procedure I will try to convince the CEO of that company and organization by raising some importance point related to the procurement procedure. Those include: 1. It is easily to prepare and controlling the budget of the company: it can reduce the waste of spending on unnecessary things by using the fix budget or flexible budget strategy to control over purchasing products. 2.It can avoid of cheat and mistake on purchasing products: after we got that form we can make sure that the product that need to order is well accepted because it has to be check by the officer or CEO to confirm the purchase. 3. It is like a road map to show where the product shall be taken and how the purchase be made. 4. Build good relationship with the suppliers: because we need to select the supplier who we can be trust and can be work with us for long time and realizable so we need t o select the potential suppliers to be the part supplier of our company. . Saving money: after we have the part supplier we can save some money because when we select someone to be our part supplier they will provide us a premium price or when we use bulk purchase. Here is the simple plan diagram of the procurement procedure diagram: 1. Check for the department budget or company budget before request or propose a form. 2. Written a requesting form of what you want to purchase and the purpose of purchasing. 3. Get a signature from the authorization person to validate the purchasing order. 4.Get that requesting form to purchasing department or procurement department to check for the necessity of the product order and the available product in stock or should buy them from the suppliers. 5. After the purchasing has already made up they shall take the requesting form to the financial department to get an approval or a direction where the requesting shall go next. 6. In case if the purcha sing has reach the maximum of financial approval it has to go to the principle officer or CEO to get approval before the purchase can be made or done. 7.After we got the approval next we has to find the ways that the product transport to the department. 8. After the product arrival we need to check for the quantity and quality of the product. 9. Next we should evaluate the supplier performance whether they provide us a good delivery or can be used as the part supplier or not. 10. After that send the product that is done send to user department. Diagram: Check for budget Written a requesting form Get approval by the authorize person Send to purchase or procurement department Send to financial departmentGet approval from the principle or CEO Check for delivery term or strategies Check for the product quality Evaluate the supplier performance Send to the user department Here is the ways to communicate our new procedure for coordinate effectively in the future: 1. Get a signature from t he CEO to approve that our new procedure is legally accepted 2. Take it to the human resource department and ask for the meeting of all team leaders in each department. 3. Explain the entire team leader about the new process nicely in the manner of convincing rather than used the position power. 4.Observe from what they thinking and gather the feedback to adjust in case of the reasonable argument. 5. Hosting an unofficial meeting to maintain the relationship with other team leader by showing them that you pay respect to them and willing to accept the feedback. 6. In case of the convincing is not acceptable we can use the position power by working with the CEO to enforce the procedure so that everybody has to listen. In conclusion as we are the new procurement manager we should understand how to convince people to get your point and what make your speech delivery effectively and catchable to all the audience.

Case Study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 6

Case Study - Essay Example The case study notes that a European manufacturer has approach the company to make a strategic partnership with the company which shows that some companies think that Morepen is ripe for taking a taking a stake in if not an outright takeover. The share price of Morepen shows a downward trend which means that investor confidence in the company has been eroding over the past few months. However, the firm shows healthy profit after tax figures which means that there could be some room for experimentation but not enough for the firm to engage in highly risky behavior. There is a substantial risk involved in the pharmaceutical business as noted by the case study since the behavior of other companies can lead to improved drugs coming to the market which can make older drugs obsolete. Morepen does not appear to have enough funds to conduct its own research and development into new drugs therefore sticking to generic drugs has led to the early success of the company. However, if Morepen wishes to remain competitive in the market with regard to other companies who are developing new drugs; it may have to make significant investments in research towards creating successful new drugs or improve upon older drugs. Luckily, since the company is located in India, the development cost of a new drug is substantially lower therefore it is possible that they can create drugs which let them remain competitive and avoid any attempts for takeovers. While the American and European markets remain lucrative for the company, the home market brings the bulk of their income and they can also focus on brining improvements to the home market drugs for a greater competitive advantage. It must be noted that all the recommendations which can be given to the company come with a high element of risk since the decisions are not easily reversible and the investment

Arizona Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Arizona Law - Essay Example I shall use general information about the law and its open discussions as culled from various magazines, newspapers, and journals online in order to help persuade the reader to rethink their position should they be in full support of the law. After all, every law is subject to political discussion. Those who support the controversial law do so on the basis that the senators and other politicians in Washington are incapable of passing effective anti-immigration laws. That is why the state of Arizona has chosen to enforce its own version of an anti-immigration law. After all, who better to know the effects of illegal immigration into their state than the state politicians? They are familiar with the immigration problem of their state and therefore, should be the most authoritative when it comes to finding methods of keeping these illegal immigrants out of the country. Let us not forget the most important aspect of anti-immigration law enforcement, it must be based upon a law that was p assed by consensus on a national level over at the Capitol. The enforcement of the nitty gritty points of the law is the responsibility of those deputized by the national senate. The budget for anti-immigration law enforcement is also worked into the country's budget every year. But under the Arizona anti-immigration law, the budget for enforcing the law as stated in SB 1070 should come from the federal government. Under no circumstances should the enactment of such laws be done under the supervision and authority of the state under a localized anti-immigration law. (Navarette Jr., Ruben â€Å"The Truth About Arizona's Anti-immigration Law†) If Arizona is allowed to breakaway from the law as defined by Washington, then all the other states must be given the same freedom to enforce their anti-immigration laws. There is also the local and national economic and agricultural aspect to consider at the moment while the law is in effect. Although it is true that Washington has a har d time coming up with a cohesive anti-immigration plan that both sides of the political spectrum can get aboard on, they have to first consider the local economy and workforce of the state before passing such laws. These state legislators seem to have forgotten that the reason that illegal immigrants proliferate in the state is because there are jobs to be had. Jobs that our fellow Americans frown upon or refuse to do under the scorching heat of the sun. (Kain, Erick â€Å"Why Arizona's Controversial Immigration Law is Bad for Business†) Without these illegal immigrants to do the job without complain, is there anyone else who would willingly come forward to do those menial jobs? Let's face it, only the migrant workers who work illegally in the country would be willing to do those jobs in exchange for far less than they should actually be paid One of the key points that is being addressed as an explosive issue when it comes to the enforcement of this bill is that certain secto rs of society believe that the law will encourage racial profiling. The belief stems from the fact that the law is far too broad and open to interpretation that those enforcing it will not have any qualms about asking for citizenship identification papers because he is exposed to various races every â€Å"single day of his working life. It is believed that SB 1070, in its original content may : ...unlawfully

Interpersonal relationship Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Interpersonal relationship - Essay Example he parents may subsist on the toils of children or they may force their aspirations and compensate for their disappointments through direct or sinister manipulation of the life system of their children. A particular extent of antagonism between my parents and me, as I believe it to be, is natural and strong. My wanting for freedom and the natural but uncaringly emotional inclination of my parents to protect me and extend the period of my infancy are what I detest the most, being independent-minded as I am. Indeed, the development of varied interests results in to a normal weakening of the parent-child interpersonal relationship. It is perhaps not inappropriate in this kind of relationship that I have with my parents to call attention to the fact that, despite of the common outlook that it must be otherwise; anyway, I personally believe that the members of the family are somehow hardly ever friends. Count Keyserling, who wrote a book about marriage, which I have read a dozen times, is perhaps accurate when he regarded family relationship as an antagonistic teamwork. My brothers and sisters are very rarely best friends that the exemptions draw in widespread remark; my friends and trusted acquaintances are not my sisters. And I have noticed that my elder siblings are most of the time on more confidential and compassionate relations with other grown ups than with our own parents. Were it not for the strength of other ties, to a certain extent physical and financial but primarily those of practice and social pressure, our family would undoubtedly disintegrate as I and my brothers reach adulthood. Antagonisms between parents and their children in several instances generate dilemmas whose apparent and only explanation is an untimely family disbanding. The source of unending antagonisms on top of other unfortunate psychic influences is probably to be located in the persistent closeness so almost inevitable in the small family band. The trivial but unrelenting

Watch the video then answer the question Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Watch the video then answer the question - Essay Example Therefore, each business needs to be interested in ‘something’. But what is this ‘something’ they or Profit? The answer is to ‘care’ for the society that is an important stakeholder for any business that cares all over the world. Jenipher with her opening speech tells us that each magazine and TV channel you open, tells you about the green living and the environmental family living, to be precise this can only be achieved when the issue of care is integrated. The guy who is talking in the video too is motivated to start the company with the aim of reaching people in the ministry and achieving a positive environmental agenda. It is great to see they put quality first when giving methods to approach to social responsibility. That means the issue of care is prioritized. Not only does caring make you like a complete citizen but it boost the company’s image, brand and reputation in the eyes of those you are serving to your goods and services and the public at large. Partnering with the environmental factor like the wind energy makes everything environmental friendly. These guys are more into recycling their used product material and most occasions they are so conscious with the emission of CO2 in the environment. They plant more trees to counter the CO2 emitted into the environment thus keeping both the external and the internal environment clean to its workers and consumers at large. In conclusion Most of the companies use social marketing as a way of differentiating themselves in the market. The company on the video, for instance, gives forth its product with a caution of the product not causing any harm to its customer. The male speaker terms that product that has an effect on the consumer as ‘unhealthy’. In fact, he terms it as ‘not sounding healthy’. To be precise, care should be the main goal for any company to its clients as it gives them an upper hand in the business environment. Good packaging, branding and pricing of the products

Describe the events of the Bay of Pigs and the Cuban Missile Crisis Essay

Describe the events of the Bay of Pigs and the Cuban Missile Crisis. Do you think there was anything the U.S. could have done to handle these two events better - Essay Example The Bay of Pigs was an unsuccesful military invasion of Cuba by the paramilitary group sponsored by the CIA in April 1961. Two years before the invasion, Fidel Castro drove his guerrilla army into Havana and overthrew the president Fulgencio Batista (an American-backed President), paving the way for the communist rule in Cuba. For two years, the U.S. state department and the CIA attempted to overthrow the communist government, thus in 1961, the CIA launched a full-scale invasion of Cuba. However, the invaders were outnumbered by the Cuban forces and were defeated within less than 24 hours of fighting. The aftermath of the invasion at the Bay of pig led to a stronger tie between the Soviet Union and Cuba with the United States perceiving Cuba as a threat (Dunne, 448–458). The Cuban missile crisis was another scenario where the cold war exploded into actual combat war. The Cuban missile crisis was a thirteen-day confrontation between the Unites States and the Soviet Union over the latter’s ballistic missiles deployed in Cuba. The Cuban missiles were a response to the invasion of the Bay of Pigs. Additionally, the presence of American missiles in Italy and Turkey that was seen by the Soviet as a threat to their security prompting retaliation from USSR. The Russian missiles in Cuba were thus stationed as a means of protecting Cuba from future harassment by America. The Cuban missile crisis was resolved following a period of negotiation between President Kennedy and Khrushchev, with Soviet Union agreeing to remove the missiles from Cuba with a promise U.S will not invade Cuba without direct provocation (Schwarz, 73-81). Concerning the Bay of Pigs, the United States had little options other than to prepare a secret invasion team into Cuba in an attempt to overthrow the communist government. However, to make the invasion a success, the US government ought to have done a thorough assessment of the opponent before commencement of

Analysis on the medieval play Noah's Flood Research Paper

Analysis on the medieval play Noah's Flood - Research Paper Example Her character is belittled in the play as a woman who lacks wisdom, foresight and who is not submissive to her husband. Her reaction suggests that she likes gossiping with her friends and actually seems to prefer to stay on with them as opposed to going into the ark with Noah. According to her, her friends are the people who truly love her and care for her and she believes she is the only one that can ensure those friends are saved (Page 314: 200-8). In the case of Noah’s wife, the hierarchical trends in society are bucked to the extent that Noah appears to be a henpecked man who submits to the will of his wife; hence it is his wife who appears to have authority in their household. For example, despite her resistance to going into the ark, Noah is concerned about her and asks his sons to bring her on (www.lib.rochester.edu). He says: â€Å"Welcome wife, into the boat† (Page 315:245) but Noah’s wife’s reaction is to give him a sharp slap, with the response, â€Å"Have thou that for thy note!† (Page 315:246). Noah does not retaliate as another man would have done, to put his wife in her place with sharp, belittling words or physical violence. He winces at the slap he receives and says, â€Å"Aha Mary, this is hot!† (Page 315:247), but merely continues â€Å"It is good to be still.† (Page 315:248). The play about Noah’s Flood is very important in the religious context, because it sets out various themes that are later also replicated in the Bible. The inclusion and depiction of the character of Noah’s wife is significant, especially when compared to Adam and Eve. Noah appears to be like Adam – a godly man with a rebellious wife. Noah’s wife’s resistance to going into the ark appears to symbolize the sin of mankind (www.geocities.com). In a similar manner to Noah’s wife refusing to go into the ark, man also refuses to turn

Summary On Current Mnagement Ariticle Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Summary On Current Mnagement Ariticle - Essay Example The classical model of capacity expansion is an example and is applicable in cases of definite demand with constant growth rate. These models assume growth to have a geometric or stochastic trends but Karri’s timing ratio model assumes that demand has a linear but definite growth that allows for determination of optimal capacity expansion time. According to the model, early expansion of potentials leads to surplus potentials while late expansion leads to shortage of potentials. The model for capacity optimization identifies size and fixed costs of the proposed equipment, and unit fixed cost as significant factors. It shows that early project implementation is better under minimal fixed costs, relative to contribution margin. Some of the factors may again be insignificant in the model. With an assumption that an organization’s cost structure is an indicator of its expansion project, timing potentials of entities become comparable. In addition, range for investment timing widens if contribution margin is high and yet fixed costs remain minimal. Timing ratio, under the model, is inversely proportional to timing potential. Testing the model faced the challenge of contents of organizations’ income statements. While contributing margin is significant to determination of the time ratio, some organizations’ income statements do not offer items that are used in computation of the contribution ratio. The contribution margin can however be estimated and this facilitated testing of the timing ratio model. The model and its testing identify theoretical and empirical implications. Ability to compute timing ratio from contribution margin and operating income and difficulty in comparing timing ratios are the implications of the developed information (Karri n.p.). The article relates to the managerial accounting concept of value optimization through minimizing cost and

Paramedics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Paramedics - Essay Example Paramedics will always interact with students who come to learn and gain field experience. Interaction between a qualified paramedic and a paramedical student can result into fruitful learning session in both theoretical and practical skills (Taghavi et al. 2012). There are various ways in which students interact with paramedics and any encounter presents a chance for learning. Due to the nature of work, paramedics are always in constant oscillation between health facilities and places of emergency. This implies that learners have to follow the paramedics’ team to interact with them in either of the places. While in the emergency areas, paramedics are more involved in saving live, reducing the number of casualties and stabilizing those who are severely ill or injured. Interaction here is by active participation of students, with the guidance of qualified paramedics. Procedures and lifesaving skills are taught by experience and observation. On the other hand, paramedics located in health institutions interact with learners variously; those performing certain procedures engage students either through observation, asking of question related to the procedure at hand or carry out demonstrations for learners (Halpern et al. 2012). While the patient is transferred to another facility for further management, continuous medical care is provided, a learner who is with the paramedic has a chance to observe the whole process of care and ask relevant question. Also he or she actively participates in providing care under supervision.

Identifying a problem “Drug trafficking” Essay Example for Free

Identifying a problem â€Å"Drug trafficking† Essay This paper studies two different opinions on the impact of drug trafficking laws. One school feels that current laws on drugs have been effective and efficient in containing drug use problem and should be retained. Others see the laws as unjustifiably harsh and skewed against certain groups in society. They argue that drugs should be legalized to help solve abuse problem. The first article gives an open assessment of the impact drug laws have had on drug use problem. The Successes And Failures Of George Bush’s War On Drugs (Check, Dan, 1995). Successive U. S presidents have delivered a plan to fight off drug abuse. President Bush campaign against drug trafficking was similar to that of Ronald Reagan before him. According to Check, their emphasis was on reduction of demand of drugs at home. This was a shift away from curtailing supply in foreign markets. The bush was campaign according to Dan Check targeted the offender rather than the problems. This plan emphasized the incarceration of offenders over rehabilitate and campaigns on avoidance of drug use. The administration boosted its drugs war kitty with the drug law enforcement getting the loin’s share. The penitentiary system also got a substantial amount leaving only a relatively small amount for rehabilitation and a version. Prevention would be carried out through the existing program called DARE. This program targeted school kids. States were bound by this plan and any diversion would attract financial sanctions. This plan has some positive results in that there was significant reduction in cocaine abuse. This effort was felt mainly in the middle class. Check partly attributes this to new realization by the middle class of the efforts of cocaine. The plan however failed in curbing drug use among the poor. According to Dan Check, drug abuse among the poor actually rose with the introduction of the plan. He adds that severe crack down of uses over burdened the prison system. It did not address the root cause of drug trafficking The Drug War on Civic Liberties (Dan Baum, 1992) According to Baum, the war on drugs is an infringement on one’s rights. The laws are unreasonably harsh and hysterical and hence should be done away with. New laws introduced follow the precedence set by the first drug laws. First drug laws on marijuana and cocaine were retrospective as they were made with a certain group of people in mind. The more recent drug legislation is also made with the black community in mind. This community is the biggest victim of drug law enforcement. These laws are racially motivated. There are more black youth in prison than any other group despite their minority status on drug grounds. They make easy targets of law enforcers. He feels that the drug laws have become petty and harsh to ‘offenders’. Mere possession of drugs even without the intent earns one a maximum sentence. First offenders are not given lighter sentences. Past drug offenses continue to haunt the offender as he or she is labeled as a threat to society and is closely monitored. However what is surprising is that, while the legislations theoretically target drug pusher, it is mainly those who are found in possession who are found in jail. According to Baum, the courts are skewed against offenders in drug cases. The drug laws ensure rather harsh judgments are dished out in federal courts, leaving the judges very small room to maneuver. They also give prosecutors the right to challenge the ‘light’ decisions, which is normally the prerogative of the accused. The cases are not heard in state courts but in federal courts. The penitentiary system does not aim at rehabilitation of drug offenders rather it is pre-occupied with punishment. Expenditure on rehabilitation program fades in comparison with expenditure on drug enforcements laws. Law enforcers unfairly target drug offenders because of the hefty bonuses they earn when they successfully present evidence that leads to conviction of the drug offender. They employ heavy surveillance of past offenders and carry out warrant less searches on a suspect’s property or cars. Baum feels that drug offenders do not enjoy civil right enjoyed by other defendants in courts of law. Their property can be attached along with legal fees of the defense attorney. They are also denied bail to keep the streets risk free. He adds that, the drug enforcement agencies evaluate their success on the basis of overblown value of seized drugs in the black market rather than level of emancipation of the people from drug dependency. The federal government has enhanced its budget on drug law enforcement with the sole aim of jailing offenders over prioritizes the war against drugs over other crucial areas such as environmental degradation. This campaign has bloated the prison system while the judicial system is overworked. More officers are employed to deal with the perceived threats of drug use. Most tax payers are content on increased government expenditure in the war against drugs. This, Baum points out, is as a result of the amount of public information that is available to the taxpayers. The media gives war on drugs a lot of coverage and puts much emphasis of drugs. This is in addition various public campaigns against drug use. Few people express a different opinion on the issue is due to victimization on anybody who speaks out on the injustices of the system by law enforcers. Baum urges that convictions of drug possession are conviction of a crime without a victim. He adds that it is wasting away of productive labor force in the young men held up in prison. Most of those serving time for drug possessions are responsible and peace loving individuals.

Iceland’s Economy During the Credit Crunch

Iceland’s Economy During the Credit Crunch Icelands economy used to be based on fishing and high-energy industries such as aluminium until it experienced a sharp boom period in the late nineties. Money flooded into Icelands economy creating enormous growth rates and unemployment fell to almost zero. The three major banks in Iceland Landsbanki, Glitnir and Kaputhing used this money to leverage debt and invest heavily abroad. They bought everything from Hamley’s to the Somerfield supermarket chain to West Ham United Football Club. However, towards the end of this decade Icelands economy was becoming increasingly reliant on debt and once the credit crunch arrived their banks were fatally exposed. They had made the same mistake as Lehman Brothers and the other large, now defunct, US investment banks. They had borrowed short-term cash to make long-term investments. Icelands economy was hinged on the continuous rolling over of debt, which had posed no difficulties in the boom years. However once the credit became more diffic ult to acquire, then the situation of the banks became perilous and so did that of Icelands economy. The bank’s share prices began to fall as did the exchange rate of Iceland’s Krona currency. The more difficulty the banks experienced, the more Icelands economy looked to be built on an unsustainable debt bubble. The banks funding was rapidly drying up and in 2008 the Icelandic government began nationalising them as depositor’s were panicking and taking their money out. But it did not stop there for Icelands economy; foreign reserves began to dry-up as the government now also found it difficult to borrow money because the international markets didn’t believe the government could rescue the banks as well as repay their own debt. One economic commentator said that it was not just a case of it being a run on a bank; it was a run on Icelands economy! Just how serious it is has been for Icelands economy can be seen from the fact that the government announced in early Oct 2008 that they were going to attempt to get a loan from the Russian government. This is a shock move considering that Iceland is a member of NATO. In the end however Icelands economy was saved, in the short-term at least, by a loan from the Swedish government. It is hoped that this will help support Icelands economy but there are fresh fears that they are facing a sovereign default. The government confirmed this when the Prime Minister stated in a TV broadcast that Icelands economy faced ‘a real risk of bankruptcy’ due to the credit crunch. It is worth elaborating on the discussion on Icelands economy during the credit crunch by looking at the impact it was, and is, having on real consumers in the country and then on those living outside the country who might think that what happens in Icelands economy will have no impact on them. During the height of the credit crunch in Iceland, the BBC interviewed a number of people to assess their sentiment. One young woman spoke of the rapidly rising prices because so much of the food was imported and with the Krona falling, prices on the shelves were soaring. People were even bulk buying food and hoarding it according to this interviewee. Icelands economy had gone from being one the wealthiest countries to this dire situation very quickly. Another Icelandic resident said he had bought his house for 13 Million Krona last year but because of the credit crunch causing higher interest rates, he now owed 16 Million Krona on it! He said Icelands economy had been built of debt and many p eople had borrowed at low interest rates not thinking they could rise – but they did. Another couple who had recently moved from the UK to live in Iceland said they were considering moving back. They could not access their savings because their bank had been nationalised and they were panicking. They thought Icelands economy was prosperous and wealthy but now they realised it was heading for an enormous recession and they did not want to stay there to experience it. Those living in the UK might believe they are immune from problems with Icelands economy but on Oct 7th, they realised they were not. On that day, the online savings bank, Ice Save declared they had suspended withdrawals in the UK because their parent bank Landsbanki, had run out of cash. It is estimated that 300,000 UK residents had a savings account with Ice Bank. Those who believed that problems with Icelands economy would stay in Iceland were seriously misinformed. It is also worth looking at some background information on what precisely caused the difficulties with Icelands economy and why the credit crunch impacted them particularly. The question most people might ask were why Icelands economy was so affected and the simple answer to this is size. Size really matters when it comes to economic problems. The UK and US economies were big enough and diversified enough to be able to move in and recapitalise their banking systems with national resources. Iceland has a population of only 400,000 people and their banks had ballooned in size. Icelands economy, no matter how productive it was, could never bail out their banks which had been investing huge sums outside of Icelands economy. Yet the Icelandic government was caught in a trap; without a functioning banking system, it knew an economy cannot function and so they were determined to prop up their banks. However, the government poured too many of the national reserves into its banks before it re alised it was all in vain. Icelands economy was destroyed during the credit crunch because it ultimately lacked a big enough central bank like the Bank of England or Federal Reserve. In fact, some individual Iceland’s banks were far bigger than Icelands economy itself and so could never have been rescued. The lesson to learn from the experience of Icelands economy during the credit crunch is to ensure that banks are well regulated and that their loans do not grow beyond the capacity of the government to rescue them should the need occur.

Strategic Human Resource Management And Assessment Centre Management Essay

Strategic Human Resource Management And Assessment Centre Management Essay Answer: Strategic Human Resource Management is the efficient way of organising the workforce by the implementation of a particular strategy, where employees performance can help to accomplish the planned organisational targets, such as increasing revenue or improving the profit margin. Strategic Human Resource management helps to recognise the business strategy that you can adopt. For example, you implement an effective training and performance improvement plan to improve customer service. More satisfactory customer service will bring in more revenue. It gives clear direction for a business, without strategic human resource management managers will be unaware about business goals, targets and competitors and it can give rise to uncertain environment. Strategic human resource management is also about considering the companys internal strengths and weaknesses. This is very important as the strengths and weaknesses of a companys human resources have a direct effect on the how a company will do in the future. 2.   Explain the advantages and disadvantages of using an assessment centre to select employees Answer: Assessment Centre is a process whereby a group of participants undertakes a series of job-related exercises under observation, so that skills and character persona can be assessed. Various methods of assessment may be used, including interviews, group discussions and group problem solving exercise. Assessment centres are used in selection for recruitment and promotion and in training and development, and aim to provide an organization with an assessment process that is consistent, free of prejudice, and fair. Assessment Centre brings about many advantages. It provides organisations with the opportunity to see how an individual performs in a work situation. It provides more in depth profile of a worker which can help an organisation to gain more knowledge about an individual. Assessment centres not only help the organization in placing the right candidate for the right job but also helps in developing the participants. When participants see others handling the same exercise di fferently, it gives them an insight into their own performance thereby raises the credibility of the selection procedure. Stimulations can also help to assess leadership skills. However some anticipated disadvantages of assessment centre could be: Assessment Centre requires highly skilled observers as the observers may bring in their own perceptions and biases while evaluating. Those who receive poor assessment might become de motivated and might lose confidence in their abilities. Assessment Centre is very costly and time consuming 3.   Explore the reasons why recruitment, selection and training costs are ‘one and a half to three times a persons salary Answer: Recruitment is best described as the way in which an organisation tries to source or attract the people from whom it will ultimately make selections. Recruitment strategies include efforts to reach better pools of candidates and to sell the organisation as an employer of choice. Selection is about choosing between job candidates. It is about how to make a fair and accurate assessment of the strengths and weaknesses of applicants and how to identify the candidate who is most likely to perform well in the job. Employment recruitment is composed of several stages: verifying that a vacancy exists; drawing up a job specification; finding candidates; selecting them by interviewing and other means such as conducting a psychometric test; and making a job offer. Effective recruitment is important in achieving high organisational performance and minimizing labour turnover. Employees may be recruited either externally or internally. Selection is a two way process and should be just as m uch about employees as the other way round. Employee needs to decide the company is a place they can work in. The company needs to decide the employees will fit within organisation, job and team itself or not.   The search of a perfect selection method continues. More attention is paid to the cost of the poor selection. It should be noted that in recruitment agencies are often used as they provide expert advice on how advertisements should be worded and where placed which tend to be very much expensive. There are direct costs of working with external agencies. Direct advertising cost, as local press, corporate website, specialist journals the costly as well. These are very real costs to the employers Administration costs that are sending out job information, letters, arranging selection events, etc. Managers time that is short listing, interviewing, selection, taking up references Training cost in order to ensure everyone has the necessary skills to recruit. Administration costs of new employee that is payroll, pensions, etc Recruiting from overseas that is employers looking for overseas staff and then by giving selected employees work visa and arrangements for their travel. After that their accommodation cost can be very much expensive. 4. Analyse the strategies a business can use to retain its staff Answer: Employee motivation and performance management depend on good systems that offer both financial and non-financial rewards (non-monetary rewards). In reality, despite the views of Herzberg that monetary methods of motivation have little value, firms still use money as a major incentive. There are a variety of payment systems that a business could use to motivate its employees. Some of the Financial rewards are: Share ownership: This is a common incentive for senior managers who are given shares in the company rather than a straight forward bonus or membership of a profit sharing scheme. It means that some staff is also shareholders. Because of share ownership the employees will work harder as they have a stake in the company, just like a shareholder has. Workers are less likely to leave the firm. Performance-related pay: This is paid to those employees who meet certain targets. The targets are often evaluated and reviewed in regular appraisals with managers. It is system that is being increasingly used in businesses in the UK. It is easier for managers to monitor and control their staff. It reduces the amount of time spent on industrial relations (negotiations with trade unions). Fringe Benefits: These are often known as ‘perks and are items an employee receives in addition to their normal wage or salary e.g. company car, private health insurance, free meals. It encourages loyalty to a company so employees may stay for longer and also it helps meet workers human and social needs. Piece-rate is paying a worker per item they produce in a certain period of time. It was recommended by the motivation theorist Taylor and had close links with working on production lines. It tends to increases speed of work and therefore productivity. Some of the Non financial rewards are: Job enrichment means giving workers more interesting, challenging and complex tasks. Workers should also be given the opportunity to complete a whole unit of work rather than individual separate tasks. This is motivating for several reasons as it gives workers the chance to test themselves and use their full range of ability it is more motivating as it increases the complexity or challenge involved in the task, rather than just simply providing more variety to the work. Workers should be able to obtain a greater sense of achievement and possibly more praise or recognition of their work when they have successfully completed a tougher task. Job enlargement means simply giving workers more tasks to do of a similar nature or complexity. This will reduce the monotony or repetition involved in a persons work but over time this will not increase a persons satisfaction or sense of achievement. Team working is where employees work in groups or teams. Thi s can meet a workers social needs as a person can more easily build friendships and feel a sense of belonging to a unit or group and hopefully to the business as a whole. This applies in much the same way as being a member of a sports team or any other team representing a school or college. A business can create a number of different types of team; examples include production teams (often known as cells), quality circles and management teams. Team working has other advantages to a firm over and above improving motivation. It can lead to greater flexibility of production, as employees are likely to be multi-skilled (able to do more than one persons job) as they have learnt from other team members or undertaken formal job rotation. This means they can cover any absences and can quickly adapt to a new production technique. Empowerment is like delegation. It is when power or authority is given to employees so they can make their own decisions regarding their working life. For instance w orkers have control over how to use their time and deciding the priority of tasks that need to be done. They are encouraged to consider problems they face and come up with some solutions. For empowerment to be successful, workers must have adequate training and/or good skill levels in order to be trusted to make the correct decisions. If they do not, then expensive mistakes can be made that could affect the whole business. It is the managers job to judge whether a subordinate can cope with more authority and decision-making power. It should be noted however, that even if managers pass down authority to their subordinates, they are still responsible for the work that is done by them. Essay:   5.   ‘Modern Organisations operate in increasingly dynamic and uncertain business  Ã‚   environments Does this reduce or increase the need for human resource planning?   Justify. (Word limit 1000 1500 words) Answer:   Modern Organisations operate in increasingly dynamic and uncertain business  Ã‚   environments this increases the need for human resource planning. Human resource planning has traditionally been used by organisations to ensure that the right person is in the right job at the right time. Due to Increase in environmental instability the need for Human resource planning in leading organisations has increased. It is the process by which management determines how the organisation should move from its current manpower position to its desired position. Through planning, management strives to have the right number and the right kinds of people, at the right places, at the right time, doing things which result in both the organisation and the individual receiving maximum long-run benefits. Currently human resource planning occurs within the broad perspective of organisational and strategic business planning. It involves forecasting the organisations future human needs and planni ng for how those needs will be met. It includes establishing objectives and then developing and implementing programmes to ensure that people are available with appropriate characteristics and skills when and where the organisation needs them. It may also involve developing and implementing programmes to improve employee performance or to increase employee satisfaction and involvement in order to boost organisational productivity, quality, or innovation (Mills, 1 985b). Finally, human resource planning includes gathering data that can be used to evaluate the effectiveness of ongoing programs and inform planners when revisions in their forecasts and programmes are needed. In other words, Human resource planning is directly and closely associated with the development and success of an organisation. If an organisation is desperate to be dominant in its industry, compared with other rivals, it should pay more attention to the function of Human resource planning and apply it scientifical ly. Virgin Atlantic is the second largest long haul airline in the UK and the third largest European carrier over the North Atlantic. Since Virgin Atlantic Airways was founded in 1984, it has become Britains second largest carrier serving the worlds major cities. Now based at both Londons Gatwick and Heathrow airports, it operates long haul services to thirty destinations world-wide as far apart as Las Vegas and Shanghai. Its route network has grown rapidly to include destinations in the US, Caribbean, Far East, India and Africa, and they have won virtually every award the travel industry has to offer. Virgin Atlantic has enjoyed huge popularity, winning top business, consumer and trade awards from around the world. The airline has pioneered a range of innovations setting new standards of service, which its competitors have subsequently sought to follow. Despite Virgin Atlantics growth the service still remains customer driven with an emphasis on value for money, quality, fun and innovat ion. Virgin Atlantic has carried around 53m passengers since it began operations and now employs almost 9000 people worldwide. Human Resource planning plays an important role in Virgin Atlantic Airways. The future in any country is uncertain i.e. there are political, cultural, technological changes taking place every day. This effects the employment situation. Accordingly Virgin Atlantic Airways may have to appoint or remove people. Therefore Human Resource Planning can only be a guiding factor. If Virgin Atlantic Airways does not plan for the future they have less opportunity to survive the competition ahead with a lot of competitors like British Airways, Bmi, British midland, American Airlines, Continental and Delta. Without the process of human resource planning if Virgin Atlantic Airlines will not be able to find out how many people will be required in future they will have expansion problems. In case of recession if Virgin Atlantic Airlines wants to undergo retrenchment, withou t human resource planning it will be difficult for the business to decide which departments cost should be cut down, which departments workers should be fired and how many people should be laid off. Therefore major issues of a business such as expansion, diversification, technological change, should be backed up by the availability of human resources. As it suggest modification in the plan when the expected manpower is not available. Virgin Atlantic Airlines will not be able to take further actions. The company will not be able to identify the number of jobs which will become vacant in the near future. Without Human resource planning Virgin Atlantic Airlines will not be able to offset uncertainty and change. Sometime the organisationmay have machines and money but not men and consequently the production cannot be started. The individual needs of the employees for the promotions transfers, salary enhancement, better benefits will not be provided if business is unaware of human resource planning, therefore employees will suffer from financial and non financial rewards and will lose the interest in the business resulting in absence and risk for business in long term. Without human resource planning business will be unable to anticipate the cost of salary, benefits and all the cost of human resources facilitating the formulation of budgets in a society. Virgin Atlantic Airlines will not be able to provide required working conditions in a business. As according to Health and Safety at Work etc Act 1974, also referred to as HASAW or HSW, is the primary piece of legislation covering occup ational health and safety in the United Kingdom. The Health and Safety Executive is responsible for enforcing the Act and a number of other Acts and Statutory Instruments relevant to the working environment. Workplace health and safety is an important issue for every business. Every employee needs to be aware of the importance of these issues in the workplace and the best way to improve staff awareness of these issues is by providing access to a health and safety course. Without human resource planning Virgin Atlantic Airlines will not be able to closely know what important safety measures should be taken into an account as well how staff awareness of importance of these issues can be improved. Resulting in a lot of unhealthy activities as well harmful incidents for workers. To summarise an effective HR planning helps the company to prepare ahead of time for these vacancies rather than acting in a reactionary manner when an employee resigns unexpectedly. Another benefit of having a recruiting plan in place is that the recruiters know where to target theirjob searchto find the best candidates. Successful recruiters plan ahead and know what skill sets are essential for the right candidates, and they know how to interview effectively. Companies that include HR planning are prepared for future open positions that result frombusinessgrowth and expansion. Another benefit of HR planning is having career-development procedures, which consist of identifying future company leaders and helping them grow. This means that when an executive or manager leaves or retires, there is already someone ready to promote into the position.Successful HR planning includes training models and procedures. This training includes new-hire training to teach new employees about the com pany culture, internaldatabases, software, and the skill sets necessary for specific positions. The benefit of this type of training is that all employees are taught the same thing in the same manner, which creates consistency and accuracy in daily work. Effective HR planning incorporates aspects of employee management, such asperformancereviews and disciplinary procedures. Companies benefit from having these systems in place because they help managers do their jobs and prevent potential lawsuits. Standardized performance reviews help managers look for key items when reviewing and ranking subordinates and ensure that everyone is reviewed on the same scale. Therefore without Human resource planning business will not be able to survive in short term. As Human resource planning is a backbone of a business survival.

Financial Statements Essay -- Economy, Financial Distress

Financial Statements basically show the historical performance or record of the company at some previous point of time. By the time when financial statements are made public, changes are many economical areas such as market conditions, currency exchange rate and inflations can change the values of assets and liabilities. In this case there often exist discrepancies between book value of assets and their market values. In above case there might be companies that are healthy and many go through period of financial distress. In particular is the threat of not being able to meet debt obligations. The first Indication of financial distress is when firm does not have enough liquid assets (short-term assets) to cover (pay for) current liabilities (short-term liabilities) when this happen than firm ability to covering long-term liabilities is reduced resulting in creditors taking on more risk than the investment of loaning money to the firm is worth. When company is facing financial distress, book value of company liabilities can become worth more than the market value of the same liabilities. If this happen, than firm is in danger of not meeting its obligations to creditors. In this case creditors may not be paid and in worst of financial distressed time, the creditors may receive nothing in interest or principal, if the firm files for bankruptcy. The importance of financial-decision making goals is to increase shareholders’ value and to keep them away from financial distress. The Predicting of financial distress is an early warning signal to keep investors from being loss. It has been more than 70 years, since Ramser & Foster, and Fitzpatrich in 1931-1932, and 44 years, since Beaver (1966) but still they have not found the theory... ...earches this paper extends the previous research work done on financial distress. We have used modified Altman Z Score as a proxy for the financial distress. After including the financially distressed and financially healthy firms in our sample, we have seen the effect of financial distress on corporate cash flows. Prior to this work hardly any paper can be seen which studies the impact of financial distress on corporate cash flows, especially in Asian context. Our work adds to the literature in a sense that it not only identifies the financially distressed firms but also measures the effect of financial distress on operating cash flows of the firms listed on Karachi Stock Exchange. Our work also contributes to the literature in establishing a fact that whether the model of financial distress developed by Altman is relevant in Pakistan’s Corporate Environment. Financial Statements Essay -- Economy, Financial Distress Financial Statements basically show the historical performance or record of the company at some previous point of time. By the time when financial statements are made public, changes are many economical areas such as market conditions, currency exchange rate and inflations can change the values of assets and liabilities. In this case there often exist discrepancies between book value of assets and their market values. In above case there might be companies that are healthy and many go through period of financial distress. In particular is the threat of not being able to meet debt obligations. The first Indication of financial distress is when firm does not have enough liquid assets (short-term assets) to cover (pay for) current liabilities (short-term liabilities) when this happen than firm ability to covering long-term liabilities is reduced resulting in creditors taking on more risk than the investment of loaning money to the firm is worth. When company is facing financial distress, book value of company liabilities can become worth more than the market value of the same liabilities. If this happen, than firm is in danger of not meeting its obligations to creditors. In this case creditors may not be paid and in worst of financial distressed time, the creditors may receive nothing in interest or principal, if the firm files for bankruptcy. The importance of financial-decision making goals is to increase shareholders’ value and to keep them away from financial distress. The Predicting of financial distress is an early warning signal to keep investors from being loss. It has been more than 70 years, since Ramser & Foster, and Fitzpatrich in 1931-1932, and 44 years, since Beaver (1966) but still they have not found the theory... ...earches this paper extends the previous research work done on financial distress. We have used modified Altman Z Score as a proxy for the financial distress. After including the financially distressed and financially healthy firms in our sample, we have seen the effect of financial distress on corporate cash flows. Prior to this work hardly any paper can be seen which studies the impact of financial distress on corporate cash flows, especially in Asian context. Our work adds to the literature in a sense that it not only identifies the financially distressed firms but also measures the effect of financial distress on operating cash flows of the firms listed on Karachi Stock Exchange. Our work also contributes to the literature in establishing a fact that whether the model of financial distress developed by Altman is relevant in Pakistan’s Corporate Environment.

I Am Forty-seven and I Wish to Study Law Essay -- Law College Admissio

I Am Forty-seven and I Wish to Study Law "If I had it to do over again, I would go to law school." That has been my response for the last fifteen years whenever I was asked if I felt fulfillment in my chosen profession. The truth is, I never felt fulfilled because I never really chose a profession. As did many working-class people with no advanced education, my parents believed that the road to success was through education. Hence I was encouraged to pursue an academic education in high school and to attend college. Beyond that point, there was no plan. My career planning process resembled the path that a pin-ball experiences during its descent through a maze of bumpers, obstacles and flippers. Considering my financial status (I had no money for college) and my vocational preference or suitability (I had no idea what I wanted to do, but I was mechanically-oriented and "good with my hands") my guidance counselor, using all the diagnostic skills and insights he could muster, advised that I consider either engineering or dentistry. His list of candidate institutions included Drexel Institute of Technology and Temple University, each of which was local and had arranged a program so that a student could work full-time to earn tuition while attending college. Upon receiving letters of acceptance from both schools, a flip of a coin at the counselor's desk cemented the lifetime decision: engineering it was! Almost immediately after starting Drexel, I was certain that I had chosen incorrectly. My father was of the strong opinion that one completed what one had started, however, and being a reasonably obedient son, I completed five years of arduous undergraduate engineering school. ... ...ssful real estate development and management firm. I never had a business or project repossessed by lenders or creditors, and I never experienced any bankruptcy or debtor's action against me. Along the way, I found time to fit in twenty five years of active Barbershop Quartet and Chorus singing which allowed me to serve in every major chapter officer's position, make enough significant administrative contributions to be elected to the honorary fraternity within our singing society (100 out of 6000 men), earn medals in several international competitions and appear on the stage at Carnegie Hall. So I guess in today's world I would be considered successful; however, something has been missing. If I had it to do over again, I would go to law school. Now that my children are grown and my family's finances are secure, I have the opportunity to do it over again.

Global Warming Essay -- Environment, Climate Change

How much global warming we are going to see from extra CO2 depends on how sensitive the climate system is. David C Frank, Jan Esper, Christoph C Raible, Ulf Bà ¼ntgen, Valerie Trouet and Benjamin Stocker have published a study to improve the estimations of the carbon cycle sensitivity to climate and climate projections for the future. The carbon cycle sensitivity-which is important for global warming projections-to climate is the increase or decrease of atmospheric CO2 concentrations which lead to an increase or decrease in temperature6. As we can observe from different estimations, the increase or decrease of carbon concentrations in the atmosphere have changed during the past millennium6.There were certain periods where the temperatures were low (Little Ice Age) and other periods where the temperatures were higher (Medieval Warm Period)6. The present geological period is the Holocene which began approximately 10000 years ago4. Even though the geological period is the same since mo re than 10000 years ago, many climatic variations have occurred. For example, the Little Ice Age is the period between 16th century and 19th century, being 1601-1630 the coldest of the past millennium6.In the opposite side we find that the warmest pre-instrumental period was during the Medieval Warm Period, and more precisely, between the years 1071-11006. Moreover the warmest instrumental period (with records back to 1850) was the period 1971-20006.There are many factors that influence the climate variability. These factors can be classified as internal or external to the climate system. Examples of external influence are anthropogenic activities and natural influences (e.g. volcanic activity) 11. Anthropogenic influence on CO2 variations in pre-industr... ...g Group I to the Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Houghton, J.T., et al. (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, pp. 349–416. 15. Raupach, Michael R & Canadell, Josep G, 2010: Carbon and the Anthrpocene. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability. 2: 210-218. 16. Raupach, Michael R, Canadell, Josep G, Le Quà ©rà ©, Corinne. Anthropogenic and biophysical contributions to increasing atmospheric CO2 growth rate and airborne fraction. Biogeosciences 5: 1601-1613 (2008). 17. Richard Alley et al., 2007: Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. 10th Session of Working Group I of the IPCC, Paris, February 2007. 18. Ruddiman W F (2003). The anthropogenic greenhouse era began thousands of years ago. Climatic Change 61: 261–293.

I Have a Dream Speech Essay

1- The analogy in Paragraphs 4 through 6 of the speech â€Å" I have a Dream†, use the similarity or comparability analogy. Which is means analogy is a comparison between two different things in order to highlight some point of similarity. As Freud suggested, an analogy won’t settle an argument, but a good one may help to clarify the issues. Like the Martin Luther King’s speech: It is obvious today the America has defaulted on this promissory note insofar as her citizens of color are concerned. Instead of honoring this scared obligation, America has given the Negro people a bad check, which has come back marked â€Å"insufficient funds.† 2 – In my opinion, racism is a certain kind of prejudice, based on faulty reasoning and inflexible generalizations toward a specific group. Much of today’s racism can be traced to the area of colonialism that began in the 1400s. When Europeans began colonizing Africa and the Americas, the white settlers adopted the idea that they were superior to the other races they encountered and it was their job to â€Å"civilize the savages.† According to Martin Luther King in â€Å"I have a dream†: â€Å" It is obvious today that America has defaulted on this promissory note insofar as her citizens of color are concerned.† (Pg.45) Racism in the United States was worse during 18th and 19th century than at any period before or since. Segregation, racial discrimination, and expressions of white supremacy all increased. So did anti-black violence, including lynching and race riots. 3-United States has a black president from 2008 to present. Like Luther King said: â€Å" It is dream deeply rooted in meaning of its creed- we hold these truths to be self evident, that all men are created equal,† So his king came true in these days. Work Cited : Luther King, Martin. â€Å"I Have a Dream .† (1968): 44-48. Print.

Cisa

1. A benefit of scatter organisation reckoner architecture is that it A. facilitates interoperability. B. facilitates the integration of proprietary comp mavinnts. C. bequeath be a arse for volume discounts from equipment vendors. D. all in throw in the towels for the deducement of much economies of home base for equipment. dissolvent A preserve turn protrude trunks ar those for which suppliers bequeath comp one and only(a)nts whose pulmonary tuberculosisr port wines ar specify by usual measuring sticks, thus facilitating interoperability surrounded by dusts do by unalike vendors. In contrast, c getd establishment components ar create to proprietary bills so that some different suppliers schemes goat non or will non interface with animate formations. . An IS studyor discovers that developers throw operator overture to the command line of a exertion purlieu operational governing body of witnesss. Which of the coming(prenominal)(a ) cut gumptions would trump extenuate the try of un seeed and unauthorised chopine varys to the proceedsion environment? A. Commands tokend on the command line argon lumberged B. hashishishish discovers ar calculated tipically for classs and matched against hash rudimentarys calculated for the most recent allow versions of the schedules C. Access to the operating clay command line is open by an draw near path restriction marionette with preapproved rights D.Softw atomic number 18 culture tools and compilers deem been removed from the product environment rejoinder B agate line The matching of hash primevals over succession would allow undercover maneuver of changes to sends. natural selection A is in prep be beca expend having a enter is non a command, limited go offing the logarithm is a figure. picking C is incorrect be designer the admission fee was al considery grantedit does non matter how. Choice D is itchment becaexercising institutionalises kitty be copied to and from the work environment. 3. In the context of effective learning hostage politics, the patriarchal signal of measure livery is to A. optimize earnest enthronizations in patronage of transmission line object glasss.B. put on a standard strike off of credential institutionalizes. C. institute a standards- base dissolvent. D. implement a incessant benefit culture. arrange A strike out In the context of effective entropy certificate presidential term, value delivery is implemented to check over optimization of earnest investments in grit up of clientele objectives. The tools and proficiencys for implementing value delivery embarrass executing of a standard decorate of security pr affectices, institutionalization and commoditization of standards- found solutions, and implementation of a continuous improvement culture considering security as a passage, non an point. 4.During a go over of a omni engage pe rseverance object, an IS scrutinizeor noniced that the specify at which a situation is harbingerd to be a crisis has non been delineate. The MAJOR insecurity associated with this is that A. sound judgment of the situation whitethorn be interrupted. B. work of the tragedy convalescence immaterialize could be break inakeed. C. telling of the teams tycoon non occur. D. potentiality crisis recognition faculty be ineffective. root B broadsheet Execution of the c argon continuity computer program would be wedged if the judicature does non mer commodetile establishment when to decl atomic number 18 a crisis. Choices A, C and D be steps that must be exerciseed to know whether to decl atomic number 18 a crisis.Problem and severity opinion would extend cultivation necessary in declaring a hap. Once a self-confidence crisis is recognized, the teams responsible for crisis forethought take up to be nonified. Delaying this step until a contingency ha s been say would negate the effect of having chemical reaction teams. cap decentness crisis recognition is the first step in responding to a disaster. 5. When implementing an IT governance framework in an arranging the intimately strategical objective is A. IT alignment with the railway line. B. tariff. C. value realization with IT. D. enhancing the dispel on IT investments. root A feeling The goals of IT governance be to improve IT work, to deliver optimal fear value and to come across regulative compliance. The discover usage in upkeep of these goals is the strategic alignment of IT with the duty (choice A). To achieve alignment, all separate choices take away to be tied to telephone circuit practices and strategies. 6. When palingenesising an implementation of a VoIP arranging over a unified WAN, an IS scrutiniseor should expect to find A. an compound runs digital meshwork (ISDN) entropy link. B. avocation engineering. C. wired equivalent sec retiveness (WEP) encryption of entropy.D. analog phone terminals. resultant role B timbre To see that character of profit needs atomic number 18 achieved, the Voice-over IP (VoIP) overhaul over the wide bea net profit (WAN) should be cheered from packet sackinges, latency or jitter. To r each(prenominal) this objective, the mesh achievement can be carry awayd utilize statistical techniques such as traffic engineering. The standard bandwidth of an fluxd military services digital internet (ISDN) info link would non put up the suitablety of services infallible for corporal VoIP services. WEP is an encryption scheme related to piano tuner net profiting.The VoIP phones ar usually relateed to a corporeal local anaesthetic argona profits (LAN) and atomic number 18 non analog. 7. An IS attendee selects a waiter for a penetration study that will be carried out by a pricy specialist. Which of the future(a) is or so im portholeant? A. The tools us e to conduct the psychometric quiz B. Certifications held by the IS meeter C. Permission from the info owner of the innkeeper D. An infraction staining establishment (IDS) is alterd coiffe C tone of voice The info owner should be avow of the fall outs associated with a penetration riddle, what characters of judges ar to be conducted and other relevant details. altogether other choices argon not as distinguished as the entropy owners responsibleness for the security of the selective information assets. 8. Which of the pastime is a assay of cross-training? A. Increases the dependance on one employee B. Does not die hard in succession cooking C. unitary employee whitethorn know all spell of a memorial tablet D. Does not second in achieving a continuity of trading operations solvent C berth When cross-training, it would be prudent to first tax the pretend of near(prenominal) person knowing all offends of a system and what word-paintings thi s whitethorn cause. Cross-training has the utility of decreasing dependence on one employee and, hence, can be part of succession figurening.It also leads condescension for force-out in the military result of absence for every cogitate and thitherby facilitates the continuity of operations. 9. The use of digital feelings A. requires the use of a one-time intelligence source. B. pop the questions encryption to a pass. C. effectualates the source of a communicate. D. breaks pass on clandestineity. do C punctuate The use of a digital pinch verifies the individuation of the sender, solely does not encrypt the whole message, and hence is not decorous to take c ar confidentiality. A one-time war cry generator is an choice, tho is not a requirement for employ digital touchs. 0. A retail outlet has introduced radio frequency realisation (RFID) tags to create unique serial total for all products. Which of the side by side(p) is the PRIMARY reverence associa ted with this initiative? A. Issues of privacy B. Wavelength can be absorbed by the human organic structure C. RFID tags whitethorn not be dismissible D. RFID eliminates line-of-sight reading repartee A celebrate The purchaser of an item will not necessarily be aw be of the charge of the tag. If a tagged item is stipendiary for by credit bait, it would be mathematical to tie the unique ID of that item to the identity of the purchaser.Privacy violations are a significant resuscitate because RFID can carry unique identifier consequences. If in demand(p) it would be manageable for a unshakable to track individuals who purchase an item containing an RFID. Choices B and C are line of products cheeks of less enormousness. Choice D is not a concern. 11. A lower retrieval time objective (RTO) results in A. advanceder(prenominal)(prenominal) disaster tolerance. B. higher cost. C. wider faulting windows. D. more permissive info loss. resultant B position A convale scence time objective (RTO) is ground on the acceptable downtime in fountain of a disruption of operations. The lower the RTO, the higher the cost of convalescence strategies.The lower the disaster tolerance, the narrower the time out windows, and the lesser the permissive selective information loss. 12. During the requirements definition degree of a package development exteriorize, the aspects of packet scrutiny that should be squalled are developing A. sample information covering particular exertions. B. comminuted test excogitates. C. quality presumption test judicial admissions. D. substance absubstance absubstance abuser word sense exam preconditions. dissolver D strike off A trace objective in any software program development acoustic declare oneselfion is to batten that the actual software will meet the tune objectives and the requirements of the user.The users should be involved in the requirements definition level of a development shed and user acceptance test specification should be develop during this phase. The other choices are oecumenicly performed during the system testing phase. 13. The stovepipe filter rule for defend a vane from macrocosmness used as an amplifier in a denial of service ( state of matter) attack is to deny all A. surmount traffic with IP source utteres out verge(a) to the ne bothrk. B. incoming traffic with discernible spoofed IP source addresses. C. incoming traffic with IP options set.D. incoming traffic to critical hosts. serve up A check Outgoing traffic with an IP source address distinct than the IP range in the mesh topology is invalid. In most of the cases, it signals a DoS attack originated by an internal user or by a previously compromised internal machine in both cases, applying this filter will s top out the attack. 14. What is the outstrip bread and solelyter strategy for a liberal database with data defying online sales? A. hebdomadally broad(a) attendant with everyday incremental backup B. Daily full backup C. Clustered bonifaces D. reflect hard dish antennas function ANOTE Weekly full backup and daily incremental backup is the opera hat backup strategy it ensures the ability to recover the database and in time dresss the daily backup time requirements. A full backup usually requires a couple of hours, and therefrom it can be impractical to conduct a full backup every day. Clustered servers post a redundant bear oning capability, simply are not a backup. Mirrored hard discs will not back up in case of disaster. 15. Which of the adjacent is a feature of Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA) in wireless networks? A. Session keys are dynamicB. secret radial keys are used C. Keys are static and divided D. Source addresses are not encrypted or au whenceticated trouble A NOTE WPA uses dynamic sitting keys, achieving vigorouser encryption than wireless encryption privacy (WEP), which operates with static keys (same key is used fo r everyone in the wireless network). All other choices are weaknesses of WEP. 16. The ultimate design of IT governance is to A. encourage optimal use of IT. B. reduce IT costs. C. modify IT imagerys across the constitution. D. centralize run of IT. result ANOTE IT governance is intended to specify the crew of decision rights and crease that is best for the opening move. It is different for every enterprise. Reducing IT costs may not be the best IT governance outcome for an enterprise. Decentralizing IT resources across the organization is not al private manners in demand(p), although it may be desired in a deconcentrate environment. Centralizing authority of IT is not always desired. An example of where it might be desired is an enterprise desiring a hotshot denominate of customer contact. 17. The briny resolve of a traffic analyze trail is toA. reduce the use of entrepot media. B. throttle accountability and indebtedness for operateed proceeding. C. help an IS attendant pursue transactions. D. provide useful information for capacity planning. cause B NOTE Enabling visition trails aids in establishing the accountability and responsibility for processed transactions by tracing them through the information system. Enabling size up trails increases the use of disk space. A transaction log file would be used to trace transactions, only when would not aid in find out accountability and responsibility.The objective of capacity planning is the well and effective use of IT resources and requires information such as CPU utilization, bandwidth, number of users, etc. 18. An IS tender invited to a development childbed meeting notes that no incur finds agree been entered. When the IS attendee raises this upshot, the render film director responds that it is too previous(predicate) to identify encounters and that, if hazards do diverge impacting the catch, a happen jitney will be hired. The admit resolution of the IS h earer would be to A. tress the importance of spending time at this point in the put up to consider and document trys, and to develop contingency plans. B. accept the project buss position as the project private instructor is accountable for the outcome of the project. C. offer to work with the put on the line manager when one is appointed. D. inform the project manager that the IS attendee will conduct a revaluation of the finds at the completion of the requirements definition phase of the project. response A NOTE The majority of project risks can typically be set onwardhand a project begins, allowing extenuation/avoidance plans to be put in institutionalize to deal with these risks.A project should prolong a clear link back to corporate strategy and tactical plans to support this strategy. The process of range of a function corporate strategy, setting objectives and developing tactical plans should intromit the precondition of risks. Appointing a risk manager i s a good practice but waiting until the project has been force by risks is misguided. lay on the line focussing needs to be forward-moving looking allowing risks to evolve into issues that adversely impact the project represents a stroke of risk commission.With or without a risk manager, persons inwardly and outside of the project team need to be watch-to doe withed and encouraged to comment when they believe new risks endure emerged or risk priorities have changed. The IS meeter has an obligation to the project sponsor and the organization to advise on appropriate project focus practices. hold for the viable appointment of a risk manager represents an unnecessary and dangerous delay to implementing risk trouble. 19. A data nerve inwardness has a mark- gateway system. Which of the adjacent is MOST cardinal to protect the computing assets in the center?A. Badge lectors are installed in repairs where tamper would be noticed B. The computer that get a lines the badge system is backed up a great deal C. A process for promptly deactivating lost or stolen badges exists D. All badge entre attempts are logged say C NOTE Tampering with a badge reader cannot open the door, so this is irrelevant. put down the entry attempts may be of limited value. The biggest risk is from unaccredited individuals who can enter the data center, whether they are employees or not. Thus, a process of deactivating lost or stolen badges is important.The configuration of the system does not change publicly, therefore frequent backup is not necessary. 20. Which of the succeeding(a) would muck up the independence of a quality say-so team? A. Ensuring compliance with development systems B. Checking the testing assumptions C. Correcting coding phantasms during the testing process D. Checking the label to ensure proper documentation root C NOTE Correction of command should not be a responsibility of the quality assurance team as it would not ensure segregatio n of duties and would impair the teams independence. The other choices are valid quality assurance functions. 1. Which of the by-line is the better type of program for an organization to implement to aggregate, agree and store different log and incident files, and consequently modernise weekly and designical reports for IS analyseors? A. A security information event commission (SIEM) product B. An open-source co effectual of correlativity engine C. A log trouble tool D. An extract, transform, load (ETL) system act C NOTE A log management tool is a product initiationed to aggregate events from many log files (with distinct formats and from different sources), store them and typically correlate them offline to produce many reports (e. . , excommunication reports showing different statistics including anomalies and suspicious activities), and to coiffure time-based queries (e. g. , how many users have entered the system surrounded by 2 a. m. and 4 a. m. over the chiv alric three weeks? ). A SIEM product has some similar features. It correlates events from log files, but does it online and normally is not lie to storing many weeks of diachronic information and producing study reports. A correlation engine is part of a SIEM product. It is oriented to making an online correlation of events.An extract, transform, load (ETL) is part of a condescension intelligence system, utilise to extracting operational or fruit data, transforming that data and loading them to a central down payment (data warehouse or data mart) an ETL does not correlate data or produce reports, and normally it does not have extractors to read log file formats. 22. To ensure hallmark, confidentiality and legality of a message, the sender should encrypt the hash of the message with the senders A. public key and then encrypt the message with the receivers hush-hush key. B. mysterious key and then encrypt the message with the receivers public key.C. public key and then encr ypt the message with the receivers public key. D. private key and then encrypt the message with the receivers private key. solvent B NOTE Obtaining the hash of the message ensures honor sign the hash of the message with the senders private key ensures the authenticity of the origin, and encrypting the resulting message with the receivers public key ensures confidentiality. The other choices are incorrect. 23. An IS tender observes a weakness in the tape management system at a data center in that some parameters are set to bypass or turn out tape header records.Which of the following is the MOST effective compensating withstand for this weakness? A. re-create and crease set up B. supervisory follow of logs C. Regular back-up of tapes D. Off set computer memory of tapes manage A NOTE If the IS attendant finds that there are effective staging and job set up processes, this can be accepted as a compensating control. Choice B is a spy control while choices C and D are tonic c ontrols, none of which would serve as good compensating controls. 24. What is the MOST prevalent security risk when an organization implements contradictory realistic private network (VPN) admittance to its network?A. Malicious engrave could be interruption across the network B. VPN logon could be spoofed C. craft could be sniffed and decrypted D. VPN gateway could be compromised function A NOTE VPN is a bestride technology VPN devices are hard to break. However, when remote beguile money is enabled, spiteful regulation in a remote client could beam to the organizations network. Though choices B, C and D are security risks, VPN technology roundly mitigates these risks. 25. The energizing of an enterprises business continuity plan should be based on pre castd criteria that address the A. duration of the outage. B. ype of outage. C. probability of the outage. D. cause of the outage. function A NOTE The origination of a business continuity plan (action) should in the first place be based on the supreme period for which a business function can be disrupted earlier the disruption threatens the achievement of organizational objectives. 26. by and byward observe suspicious activities in a server, a manager requests a rhetorical compendium. Which of the following findings should be of MOST concern to the investigator? A. Server is a piece of a work aggroup and not part of the server domain B. Guest account is enabled on the server C.Recently, 100 users were created in the server D. scrutinise logs are not enabled for the server respond D NOTE Audit logs can provide evidence which is essential to proceed with an investigation and should not be disabled. For business needs, a server can be a member of a workgroup and, therefore, not a concern. Having a client account enabled on a system is a poor security practice but not a rhetorical investigation concern. Recently creating 100 users in the server may have been required to meet business n eeds and should not be a concern. 27. Minimum password length and password complexness stoppage are examples of A. etection controls. B. control objectives. C. visit objectives. D. control procedures. state D NOTE ensure procedures are practices established by management to achieve specific control objectives. discussion controls are embarrassive controls, not detective controls. Control objectives are declarations of expected results from implementing controls and audit objectives are the specific goals of an audit. 28. Which of the following is an returns of the top-down approach to software testing? A. Interface errors are identified early B. attempting can be started originally all programs are complete C.It is more effective than other testing approaches D. Errors in critical modules are detected sooner termination A NOTE The advantage of the top-down approach is that tests of major functions are conducted early, thus enabling the detection of interface errors sooner . The most effective testing approach is dependent on the environment being tested. Choices B and D are advantages of the bottom-up approach to system testing. 29. After initial investigation, an IS meeter has reasons to believe that pseudo may be present. The IS tender should A. expand activities to acquire whether an investigation is warranted.B. report the matter to the audit committee. C. report the possibility of prank to top management and ask how they would like to proceed. D. consult with outdoor(a) legal counsel to determine the variety of action to be taken. manage A NOTE An IS tenders responsibilities for detecting fraud involve evaluating fraud indicators and deciding whether any additional action is necessary or whether an investigation should be inspireed. The IS meeter should say the appropriate authorities at heart the organization only if it has determined that the indicators of fraud are sufficient to root on an investigation.Normally, the IS meeter d oes not have authority to consult with external legal counsel. 30. As a device driftr of IT governance, transparency of ITs cost, value and risks is principally achieved through A. writ of execution measurement. B. strategic alignment. C. value delivery. D. resource management. break apart A NOTE carrying into action measurement accepts setting and monitor mensurable objectives of what the IT processes need to deliver (process outcome) and how they deliver it (process capability and performance). Strategic alignment in the main focuses on ensuring linkage of business and IT plans.Value delivery is or so executing the value proposition passim the delivery steering wheel. Resource management is rough the optimal investment in and proper management of critical IT resources. Transparency is primarily achieved through performance measurement as it provides information to the stakeholders on how hearty the enterprise is performing when compared to objectives. 31. A technical hold out who was running(a) on a major project has left the organization. The project manager reports suspicious system activities on one of the servers that is regainible to the whole team.What would be of great concern if discovered during a forensic investigation? A. Audit logs are not enabled for the system B. A logon ID for the technical peak still exists C. Spyware is installed on the system D. A Trojan is installed on the system cause A NOTE Audit logs are critical to the investigation of the event however, if not enabled, misuse of the logon ID of the technical lead and the client account could not be established. The logon ID of the technical lead should have been deleted as soon as the employee left the organization but, without audit logs, misuse of the ID is difficult to prove.Spyware installed on the system is a concern but could have been installed by any user and, again, without the aim of logs, discovering who installed the spyware is difficult. A Trojan inst alled on the system is a concern, but it can be done by any user as it is introductionible to the whole group and, without the posture of logs, investigation would be difficult. 32. When utilize a universal storage bus (USB) inexpensive drive to transport confidential corporate data to an off rank location, an effective control would be to A. carry the second drive in a movable beneficial. B. severalise management that you will not unload the flash drive. C. equest that management deliver the flash drive by courier. D. encrypt the pamphlet containing the data with a strong key. adjudicate D NOTE encryption, with a strong key, is the most secure order for protecting the information on the flash drive. Carrying the flash drive in a portable safe does not guarantee the synthetic rubber of the information in the event that the safe is stolen or lost. No matter what measures you take, the chance of losing the flash drive still exists. It is practical that a courier might l ose the flash drive or that it might be stolen. 33. The first-year step in a lucky attack to a system would be A. gathering information. B. aining entrance. C. denying services. D. evading detection. dissolver A NOTE Successful attacks start by gathering information approximately the target system. This is done in kindle so that the attacker gets to know the target systems and their vulnerabilities. All of the other choices are based on the information gathered. 34. An IS auditor finds that conference cortege have active network ports. Which of the following is MOST important to ensure? A. The corporate network is using an intrusion barroom system (IPS) B. This part of the network is isolated from the corporate network C. A single sign-on has been implemented in the corporate network D.Antivirus software is in place to protect the corporate network declaration B NOTE If the conference inhabits have assenting to the corporate network, unauthorized users may be able to co nnect to the corporate network therefore, both networks should be isolated either via a firewall or being physically separated. An IPS would detect possible attacks, but only after they have occurred. A single sign-on would ease authentication management. Antivirus software would reduce the impact of possible viruses however, unauthorized users would still be able to approach path the corporate network, which is the biggest risk. 5. temporary hookup observing a full pretension of the business continuity plan, an IS auditor notices that the notification systems at heart the organizational facilities could be poorly impacted by infrastructural damage. The BEST preachation the IS auditor can provide to the organization is to ensure A. the salvage team is trained to use the notification system. B. the notification system provides for the recovery of the backup. C. redundancies are built into the notification system. D. the notification systems are stored in a vault. break up CNOT E If the notification system has been severely impacted by the damage, redundancy would be the best control. The salvage team would not be able to use a severely damaged notification system, even if they are trained to use it. The recovery of the backups has no bearing on the notification system and storing the notification system in a vault would be of little value if the building is damaged. 36. The human resources (HR) department has essential a system to allow employees to infix in benefits via a web site on the corporate Intranet. Which of the following would protect the confidentiality of the data?A. SSL encryption B. Two-factor authentication C. Encrypted session cookies D. IP address verification serve A NOTE The main risk in this scenario is confidentiality, therefore the only option which would provide confidentiality is Secure Socket Layer (SSL) encryption. The stay options deal with authentication issues. 37. Regarding a disaster recovery plan, the role of an IS audi tor should include A. identifying critical applications programmes. B. ascertain the external service providers involved in a recovery test. C. observing the tests of the disaster recovery plan. D. etermining the criteria for establishing a recovery time objective (RTO). serve well C NOTE The IS auditor should be present when disaster recovery plans are tested, to ensure that the test meets the targets for restoration, and the recovery procedures are effective and efficient. As appropriate, the auditor should provide a report of the test results. All other choices are a responsibility of management. 38. Which of the following is the BEST practice to ensure that admission price authorizations are still valid? A. Information owner provides authorization for users to gain entryway B. Identity management is amalgamated with human resource processes C.Information owners periodically recapitulation the advance controls D. An authorization matrix is used to establish validity of ad mission ANSWER B NOTE Personnel and departmental changes can result in authorization creep and can impact the dominance of access controls. Many times when force out leave an organization, or employees are promoted, transferred or demoted, their system access is not full removed, which increases the risk of unauthorized access. The best practices for ensuring access authorization is still valid is to integrate identity management with human resources processes.When an employee transfers to a different function, access rights are modify at the same time. 39. The application systems of an organization using open-source software have no single recognized developer producing patches. Which of the following would be the MOST secure way of updating open-source software? A. revise the patches and apply them B. autograph recap and application of available patches C. Develop in-house patches D. Identify and test suitable patches before applying them ANSWER D NOTE Suitable patches from the existing developers should be selected and tested before applying them.Rewriting the patches and applying them is not a correct answer because it would require skilled resources and time to rewrite the patches. Code round off could be possible but tests need to be performed before applying the patches. Since the system was developed outside the organization, the IT department may not have the necessary skills and resources to develop patches. 40. Which of the following is a prevalent risk in the development of end-user computing (EUC) applications? A. Applications may not be subject to testing and IT general controls B. change magnitude development and guardianship costsC. Increased application development time D. Decision-making may be impaired referable to otiose re bodily function to requests for information ANSWER A NOTE End-user developed applications may not be subjected to an independent outside review by systems analysts and frequently are not created in the conte xt of a imposing development methodology. These applications may lack appropriate standards, controls, quality assurance procedures, and documentation. A risk of end-user applications is that management may rely on them as much as handed-down applications.End-user computing (EUC) systems typically result in reduced application development and victuals costs, and a reduced development cycle time. EUC systems normally increase flexibility and responsiveness to managements information requests. 41. The MAJOR friendliness for an IS auditor reviewing an organizations IT project portfolio is the A. IT budget. B. existing IT environment. C. business plan. D. investment plan. ANSWER C NOTE wholeness of the most important reasons for which projects get funded is how well a project meets an organizations strategic objectives.Portfolio management takes a holistic view of a companys overall IT strategy. IT strategy should be align with the business strategy and, hence, reviewing the busine ss plan should be the major consideration. Choices A, B and D are important but vicarious to the importance of reviewing the business plan. 42. Which of the following is an delegate of the control self-assessment (CSA) approach? A. Broad stakeholder pastime B. Auditors are the primary control analysts C. throttle employee community D. Policy driven ANSWER ANOTE The control self-assessment (CSA) approach emphasizes management of and accountability for developing and monitoring the controls of an organizations business processes. The attributes of CSA include empowered employees, continuous improvement, extensive employee participation and training, all of which are representations of broad stakeholder involvement. Choices B, C and D are attributes of a traditional audit approach. 43. The BEST method for assessing the potence of a business continuity plan is to review the A. plans and compare them to appropriate standards. B. results from previous tests.C. emergency brake proce dures and employee training. D. offsite storage and environmental controls. ANSWER B NOTE Previous test results will provide evidence of the metier of the business continuity plan. Comparisons to standards will deliver some assurance that the plan addresses the critical aspects of a business continuity plan but will not smash anything to the highest degree its effectiveness. follow-uping emergency procedures, offsite storage and environmental controls would provide insight into some aspects of the plan but would fall short of providing assurance of the plans overall effectiveness. 4. An organization has just finished their annual risk assessment. Regarding the business continuity plan, what should an IS auditor recommend as the undermentioned step for the organization? A. Review and quantify the business continuity plan for sufficiency B. Perform a full simulation of the business continuity plan C. ready and educate employees regarding the business continuity plan D. Notif y critical contacts in the business continuity plan ANSWER A NOTE The business continuity plan should be reviewed every time a risk assessment is accomplished for the organization.Training of the employees and a simulation should be performed after the business continuity plan has been deemed seemly for the organization. in that location is no reason to notify the business continuity plan contacts at this time. 45. Which of the following damages types provide for a loss arising from fraudulent acts by employees? A. line of merchandise interruption B. faithfulness coverage C. Errors and omissions D. Extra write off ANSWER B NOTE Fidelity insurance covers the loss arising from dishonest or fraudulent acts by employees. Business interruption insurance covers the loss of profit due to the disruption in the operations of an organization.Errors and omissions insurance provides legal liability protection in the event that the professional practitioner commits an act that results in f inancial loss to a client. Extra expense insurance is designed to cover the extra costs of chronic operations following a disaster/disruption within an organization. 46. An IS auditor reviewing the risk assessment process of an organization should FIRST A. identify the reasonable threats to the information assets. B. crumple the technical and organizational vulnerabilities. C. identify and locate the information assets. D. evaluate the effect of a potential security breach.ANSWER C NOTE Identification and ranking of information assetse. g. , data criticality, locations of assetswill set the tone or scope of how to assess risk in relation to the organizational value of the asset. Second, the threats liner each of the organizations assets should be analyzed concord to their value to the organization. Third, weaknesses should be identified so that controls can be evaluated to determine if they mitigate the weaknesses. Fourth, analyze how these weaknesses, in absence of inclined co ntrols, would impact the organization information assets. 47.An organization is using an enterprise resource management (ERP) application. Which of the following would be an effective access control? A. User- direct permissions B. Role-based C. Fine-grained D. Discretionary ANSWER B NOTE Role-based access controls the system access by defining roles for a group of users. Users are assigned to the several(a) roles and the access is granted based on the users role. User- take permissions for an ERP system would create a bigger administrative overhead. Fine-grained access control is very difficult to implement and maintain in the context of a large nterprise. Discretionary access control may be configured or modified by the users or data owners, and therefore may create inconsistencies in the access control management. 48. The sender of a public key would be authenticated by a A. award authority. B. digital signature. C. digital certificate. D. registration authority. ANSWER C NOTE A digital certificate is an electronic document that declares a public key holder is who the holder claims to be. The certificates do cover up data authentication as they are used to determine who sent a particular message.A certificate authority issues the digital certificates, and distributes, generates and manages public keys. A digital signature is used to ensure integrity of the message being sent and solve the nonrepudiation issue of message origination. The registration authority would perform most of the administrative tasks of a certificate authority, i. e. , registration of the users of a digital signature plus authenticating the information that is put in the digital certificate. 49. Which of the following is the MOST trustworthy form of single factor personal identification? A. Smart card B. PasswordC. picture show identification D. Iris gaze ANSWER D NOTE Since no two irises are alike, identification and verification can be done with confidence. There is no guarante e that a smart card is being used by the correct person since it can be shared, stolen or lost and found. Passwords can be shared and, if written down, carry the risk of discovery. moving-picture show IDs can be forged or falsified. 50. A business application system accesses a corporate database using a single ID and password imbed in a program. Which of the following would provide efficient access control over the organizations data? A.Introduce a secondary authentication method such as card rustle B. Apply role-based permissions within the application system C. Have users input the ID and password for each database transaction D. Set an expiration period for the database password embedded in the program ANSWER B NOTE When a single ID and password are embedded in a program, the best compensating control would be a sound access control over the application class and procedures to ensure access to data is granted based on a users role. The issue is user permissions, not authentic ation, therefore adding a stronger authentication does not improve the situation.Having a user input the ID and password for access would provide a better control because a database log would identify the instigator of the activity. However, this may not be efficient because each transaction would require a separate authentication process. It is a good practice to set an expiration visualise for a password. However, this might not be practical for an ID automatically logged in from the program. Often, this type of password is set not to hold up. 51. Which of the following should be the MOST important consideration when deciding areas of priority for IT governance implementation?A. Process maturity B. Performance indicators C. Business risk D. Assurance reports ANSWER C NOTE Priority should be wedded to those areas which represent a known risk to the enterprises operations. The level of process maturity, process performance and audit reports will feed into the decision making proc ess. Those areas that represent real risk to the business should be given priority. 52. An IS auditor has been asked to participate in project initiation meetings for a critical project. The IS auditors MAIN concern should be that the A. ompl emergencey and risks associated with the project have been analyzed. B. resources indispensable throughout the project have been determined. C. project deliverables have been identified. D. a contract for external parties involved in the project has been completed. ANSWER A NOTE Understanding complexity and risk, and actively managing these throughout a project are critical to a no-hit outcome. The other choices, while important during the course of the project, cannot be amply determined at the time the project is initiated, and are a good deal contingent upon the risk and complexity of the project. 3. Which of the following would MOST effectively control the utilization of universal storage bus (USB) storage devices? A. Policies that req uire instant dismissal if such devices are found B. Software for tracking and managing USB storage devices C. Administratively disabling the USB port D. inquisitory personnel for USB storage devices at the facilitys entrance ANSWER B NOTE Software for centralized tracking and monitoring would allow a USB usage insurance insurance policy to be applied to each user based on changing business requirements, and would provide for monitoring and reporting exceptions to management.A policy requiring dismissal may result in increased employee attrition and business requirements would not be properly turn to. Disabling ports would be complex to manage and might not allow for new business needs. Searching of personnel for USB storage devices at the entrance to a facility is not a practical solution since these devices are delicate and could be easily hidden. 54. When performing a database review, an IS auditor notices that some tables in the database are not normalized. The IS auditor s hould next A. recommend that the database be normalized. B. review the conceptual data pretence.C. review the stored procedures. D. review the justification. ANSWER D NOTE If the database is not normalized, the IS auditor should review the justification since, in some situations, denormalization is recommended for performance reasons. The IS auditor should not recommend normalizing the database until win investigation takes place. Reviewing the conceptual data mold or the stored procedures will not provide information about normalization. 55. Which of the following would be the greatest cause for concern when data are sent over the net profit using HTTPS protocol? A.Presence of spyware in one of the ends B. The use of a traffic sniffing tool C. The implementation of an RSA-compliant solution D. A symmetric cryptography is used for transmitting data ANSWER A NOTE Encryption using secure sockets layer/transport layer security (SSL/TLS) tunnels makes it difficult to terminate data in transit, but when spyware is campaign on an end users computer, data are pulled before encryption takes place. The other choices are related to encrypting the traffic, but the presence of spyware in one of the ends captures the data before encryption takes place. 56.At the completion of a system development project, a postproject review should include which of the following? A. Assessing risks that may lead to downtime after the production release B. Identifying lessons learned that may be applicable to future projects C. confirmative the controls in the delivered system are working D. Ensuring that test data are deleted ANSWER B NOTE A project team has something to learn from each and every project. As risk assessment is a key issue for project management, it is important for the organization to accumulate lessons learned and integrate them into future projects.An assessment of potential downtime should be made with the operations group and other specialists before implement ing a system. Verifying that controls are working should be covered during the acceptance test phase and possibly, again, in the postimplementation review. Test data should be retained for future regression testing. 57. While reviewing the IT infrastructure, an IS auditor notices that storage resources are continuously being added. The IS auditor should A. recommend the use of disk mirroring. B. review the adequacy of offsite storage. C. eview the capacity management process. D. recommend the use of a compression algorithm. ANSWER C NOTE Capacity management is the planning and monitoring of computer resources to ensure that available IT resources are used efficiently and effectively. Business criticality must be considered before recommending a disk mirroring solution and offsite storage is unrelated to the problem. Though data compression may save disk space, it could affect system performance. 58. Which of the following would be MOST important for an IS auditor to rove when cond ucting a business continuity audit? A.Data backups are performed on a punctual grounding B. A recovery site is contracted for and available as essential C. Human safety procedures are in place D. Insurance coverage is adequate and premiums are circulating(prenominal) ANSWER C NOTE The most important piece in any business continuity process is the protection of human lifespan. This takes precession over all other aspects of the plan. 59. While reviewing gauzy electronic work papers, the IS auditor noticed that they were not encrypted. This could compromise the A. audit trail of the versioning of the work papers. B. approval of the audit phases.C. access rights to the work papers. D. confidentiality of the work papers. ANSWER D NOTE Encryption provides confidentiality for the electronic work papers. Audit trails, audit phase approvals and access to the work papers do not, of themselves, affect the confidentiality but are part of the reason for requiring encryption. 60. An IS a uditor reviewing an accounts payable system discovers that audit logs are not being reviewed. When this issue is raised with management the response is that additional controls are not necessary because effective system access controls are in place.The BEST response the auditor can make is to A. review the integrity of system access controls. B. accept managements didactics that effective access controls are in place. C. stress the importance of having a system control framework in place. D. review the background checks of the accounts payable cater. ANSWER C NOTE Experience has demonstrated that trustfulness purely on preventative controls is dangerous. prohibitory controls may not prove to be as strong as evaluate or their effectiveness can fall over time.Evaluating the cost of controls versus the quantum of risk is a valid management concern. However, in a high-risk system a worldwide control framework is needed. Intelligent design should concede additional detective and disciplinary controls to be established that dont have high ongoing costs, e. g. , automated interrogation of logs to highlight suspicious individual transactions or data patterns. Effective access controls are, in themselves, a positive but, for reasons outlined above, may not sufficiently compensate for other control weaknesses. In this situation the IS auditor needs to be proactive.The IS auditor has a fundamental obligation to point out control weaknesses that give rise to out of the question risks to the organization and work with management to have these corrected. Reviewing background checks on accounts payable staff does not provide evidence that fraud will not occur. 61. A firewall is being deployed at a new location. Which of the following is the MOST important factor in ensuring a successful deployment? A. Reviewing logs frequently B. interrogation and validating the rules C. Training a local administrator at the new location D. Sharing firewall administrative dutiesA NSWER B NOTE A mistake in the rule set can render a firewall insecure. Therefore, testing and validating the rules is the most important factor in ensuring a successful deployment. A regular review of log files would not start until the deployment has been completed. Training a local administrator may not be necessary if the firewalls are managed from a central location. Having multiple administrators is a good idea, but not the most important. 62. When evaluating the controls of an EDI application, an IS auditor should in the main be concerned with the risk of A. xcessive transaction turnaround time. B. application interface failure. C. improper transaction authorization. D. nonvalidated batch totals. ANSWER C NOTE Foremost among the risks associated with electronic data interchange (EDI) is improper transaction authorization. Since the interaction with the parties is electronic, there is no immanent authentication. The other choices, although risks, are not as significant. 63. T he PRIMARY objective of implementing corporate governance by an organizations management is to A. provide strategic direction. B. control business operations.C. align IT with business. D. implement best practices. ANSWER A NOTE Corporate governance is a set of management practices to provide strategic direction, thereby ensuring that goals are achievable, risks are properly addressed and organizational resources are properly utilized. Hence, the primary objective of corporate governance is to provide strategic direction. Based on the strategic direction, business operations are direct and controlled. 64. To determine if unauthorized changes have been made to production enter the BEST audit procedure is to A. xamine the change control system records and trace them forward to object code files. B. review access control permissions operating within the production program libraries. C. examine object code to find instances of changes and trace them back to change control records. D. re view change approved designations established within the change control system. ANSWER C NOTE The procedure of examining object code files to establish instances of code changes and tracing these back to change control system records is a substantive test that nowadays addresses the risk of unauthorized code changes.The other choices are valid procedures to apply in a change control audit but they do not directly address the risk of unauthorized code changes. 65. When reviewing an active project, an IS auditor observed that, because of a drop-off in anticipated benefits and increased costs, the business case was no longer valid. The IS auditor should recommend that the A. project be discontinued. B. business case be updated and possible corrective actions be identified. C. project be returned to the project sponsor for reapproval. D. project be ompleted and the business case be updated later. ANSWER B NOTE An IS auditor should not recommend discontinuing or completing the project before reviewing an updated business case. The IS auditor should recommend that the business case be kept current throughout the project since it is a key input to decisions made throughout the life of any project. 66. Which of the following audit techniques would BEST aid an auditor in determining whether there have been unauthorized program changes since the last authorized program update? A. Test data run B. Code review C.Automated code comparison D. Review of code migration procedures ANSWER C NOTE An automated code comparison is the process of comparing two versions of the same program to determine whether the two correspond. It is an efficient technique because it is an automated procedure. Test data runs permit the auditor to depone the processing of preselected transactions, but provide no evidence about unexercised portions of a program. Code review is the process of reading program source code listings to determine whether the code contains potential errors or inefficient statements.A code review can be used as a means of code comparison but it is inefficient. The review of code migration procedures would not detect program changes. 67. Doing which of the following during peak production hours could result in unexpected downtime? A. playing data migration or tape backup B. Performing preventive maintenance on electrical systems C. Promoting applications from development to the staging environment D. Replacing a failed power lend in the core router of the data center ANSWER B NOTE Choices A and C are processing events which may impact performance, but ould not cause downtime. Enterprise-class routers have redundant hot-swappable power supplies, so replacing a failed power planning should not be an issue. Preventive maintenance activities should be scheduled for non-peak times of the day, and sooner during a maintenance window time period. A mishap or hap caused by a maintenance prole could result in unplanned downtime. 68. Which of the following is the MOST robust method for disposing of magnetized media that contains confidential information? A. demagnetise B. Defragmenting C. Erasing D. Destroying ANSWER DNOTE Destroying magnetic media is the only way to manipulate that confidential information cannot be recovered. Degaussing or demagnetizing is not sufficient to fully erase information from magnetic media. The purpose of defragmentation is to eliminate fragmentation in file systems and does not remove information. Erasing or deleting magnetic media does not remove the information this method simply changes a files indexing information. 69. The MAIN criterion for determining the severity level of a service disruption adventure is A. cost of recovery. B. negative public opinion. C. geographical location. D. downtime.ANSWER D NOTE The longer the period of time a client cannot be serviced, the greater the severity of the incident. The cost of recovery could be minimal yet the service downtime could have a major impact . detrimental public opinion is a emblem of an incident. Geographic location does not determine the severity of the incident. 70. During the design of a business continuity plan, the business impact analysis (BIA) identifies critical processes and supporting applications. This will PRIMARILY influence the A. responsibility for maintaining the business continuity plan. B. criteria for selecting a recovery site provider.C. recovery strategy. D. responsibilities of key personnel. ANSWER C NOTE The most appropriate strategy is selected based on the relative risk level and criticality identified in the business impact analysis (BIA. ), The other choices are made after the selection or design of the appropriate recovery strategy. 71. What is the net level of the IT governance maturity model where an IT balanced menu exists? A. Repeatable but Intuitive B. Defined C. Managed and Measurable D. Optimized ANSWER B NOTE Defined (level 3) is the last level at which an IT balanced scorecard is defined. 2. During the system testing phase of an application development project the IS auditor should review the A. conceptual design specifications. B. vendor contract. C. error reports. D. program change requests. ANSWER C NOTE Testing is crucial in determining that user requirements have been validated. The IS auditor should be involved in this phase and review error reports for their precision in recognizing erroneous data and review the procedures for resolving errors. A conceptual design specification is a document prepared during the requirements definition phase. A vendor ontract is prepared during a software acquisition process. Program change requests would normally be reviewed as a part of the postimplementation phase. 73. When reviewing procedures for emergency changes to programs, the IS auditor should verify that the procedures A. allow changes, which will be completed using after-the-fact follow-up. B. allow undocumented changes directly to the production librar y. C. do not allow any emergency changes. D. allow programmers unceasing access to production programs. ANSWER A NOTE There may be situations where emergency fixes are required to resolve system problems.This involves the use of special logon IDs that grant programmers temporary access to production programs during emergency situations. Emergency changes should be completed using after-the-fact follow-up procedures, which ensure that normal procedures are retroactively applied otherwise, production may be impacted. Changes made in this spurt should be held in an emergency library from where they can be moved to the production library, following the normal change management process. Programmers should not directly alter the production library nor should they be allowed permanent access to production programs. 4. Though management has stated otherwise, an IS auditor has reasons to believe that the organization is using software that is not licensed. In this situation, the IS auditor should A. include the statement of management in the audit report. B. identify whether such software is, indeed, being used by the organization. C. reconfirm with management the usage of the software. D. discuss the issue with senior management since reporting this could have a negative impact on the organization. ANSWER B NOTE When there is an indication that an organization might be using nlicensed software, the IS auditor should obtain sufficient evidence before including it in the report. With look on to this matter, representations obtained from management cannot be independently verified. If the organization is using software that is not licensed, the auditor, to maintain objectivity and independence, must include this in the report. 75. Which of the following would be BEST prevented by a raised floor in the computer machine room? A. injure of wires around computers and servers B. A power failure from static electricity C. Shocks from earthquakes D. Water overspill damage ANSWER ANOTE The primary reason for having a raised floor is to enable power cables and data cables to be installed underneath the floor. This eliminates the safety and damage risks posed when cables are placed in a spaghetti-like contrive on an open floor. Static electricity should be avoided in the machine room therefore, measures such as specially manufacture carpet or shoes would be more appropriate for static prevention than a raised floor. Raised floors do not address shocks from earthquakes. To address earthquakes, anti-seismic architecture would be required to establish a quake-resistant structural framework.Computer equipment needs to be protect against water. However, a raised floor would not prevent damage to the machines in the event of overhead water pipe leakage. 76. The network of an organization has been the victim of several intruders attacks. Which of the following measures would allow for the early detection of such incidents? A. Antivirus software B. Hardening the servers C. Screening routers D. Honeypots ANSWER D NOTE Honeypots can collect data on precursors of attacks. Since they serve no business function, honeypots are hosts that have no authorized users other than the honeypot administrators.All activity directed at them is considered suspicious. Attackers will scan and attack honeypots, giving administrators data on new trends and attack tools, particularly malicious code. However, honeypots are a supplement to, not a replacement for, properly securing networks, systems and applications. If honeypots are to be used by an organization, pendent incident handlers and intrusion detection analysts should manage them. The other choices do not provide indications of potential attacks. 77. The purpose of a deadman door controlling access to a computer facility is primarily to A. prevent piggybacking.B. prevent toxic gases from entering the data center. C. starve a fire of oxygen. D. prevent an to a fault rapid entry to, or exit from, th e facility. ANSWER A NOTE The purpose of a deadman door controlling access to a computer facility is primarily intended to prevent piggybacking. Choices B and C could be accomplished with a single self-closing door. Choice D is invalid, as a rapid exit may be necessary in some circumstances, e. g. , a fire. 78. The MOST important reason for an IS auditor to obtain sufficient and appropriate audit evidence is to A. comply with restrictive requirements. B. rovide a basis for drawing reasonable conclusions. C. ensure complete audit coverage. D. perform the audit according to the defined scope. ANSWER B NOTE The scope of an IS audit is defined by its objectives. This involves identifying control weaknesses relevant to the scope of the audit. Obtaining sufficient and appropriate evidence assists the auditor in not only identifying control weaknesses but also documenting and validating them. Complying with regulatory requirements, ensuring coverage and the execution of audit are all rele vant to an audit but are not the reason wherefore sufficient and relevant evidence is required. 9. During the audit of a database server, which of the following would be considered the GREATEST exposure? A. The password does not expire on the administrator account B. default option global security settings for the database remain unaltered C. Old data have not been purged D. Database activity is not fully logged ANSWER B NOTE Default security settings for the database could allow issues like blank user passwords or passwords that were the same as the username. Logging all database activity is not practical. mischance to purge old data may present a performance issue but is not an immediate security concern.Choice A is an exposure but not as serious as B. 80. An IS auditor finds that a DBA has read and write access to production data. The IS auditor should A. accept the DBA access as a common practice. B. assess the controls relevant to the DBA function. C. recommend the immediate revocation of the DBA access to production data. D. review user access authorizations approved by the DBA. ANSWER B NOTE It is good practice when finding a potential exposure to look for the best controls. Though granting the database administrator (DBA) access to production data might be a common practice, the IS auditor should evaluate the relevant controls.The DBA should have access based on a need-to-know and need-to-do basis therefore, revocation may remove the access required. The DBA, typically, may need to have access to some production data. Granting user authorizations is the responsibility of the data owner and not the DBA. 81. What should be the GREATEST concern to an IS auditor when employees use portable media (MP3 players, flash drives)? A. The copying of sensitive data on them B. The copying of songs and videos on them C. The cost of these devices multipl